The Origins Of The World - 1797 Words

Viking, the word conjures up images of well built men with long hair and braided beards wearing firs and horned helmets, holding axes and shields, ready to battle so they can return home to consume bountiful feasts. The word brings to mind fanciful stories like Beowulf where these very same men fight beasts after a night of stuffing their gullets and consuming large amounts of mead. There are so many stories about these warriors that many of them have become legendary individuals, but there is so little information about the people who provided the food to keep the so powered up, the people who provided the nourishment for the rest of their community while the warriors plundered and defended their honor. There is little known about the farmers. There is even less known about these unsung heroes around the time that Christianity took over the Norse culture. A group of researchers that took part in a study in Skagafjà ¶rà °ur Iceland was determined to change that. Iceland has some of the richest Viking history, next to The Netherlands, so the fact that the people living there would want a more in depth history makes sense. Murphy and Zoà «ga took a special interest in a small site in the project, to see how the common non-warrior Viking lived their lives. They wanted to know more about the people history forgot to mention, to breathe the life back into the people who time almost forgot, the people whose story did not get told, the people Viking warriors would have not even existedShow MoreRelatedThe Origins Of The World1513 Words   |  7 PagesEvery word has an origin. Some are only newly minted, having been brought into use, usually, by the younger generation. These often have their origins in an existing word as a shortening or pidgin form with a slightly or, occasionally, even wholly altered meaning. Some are ancient and can trace their roots back practically to the dawn of man. Many have their origins in a language other than English ha ving originated, perhaps, in France, Germany, Egypt, Rome, or even in the Nordic tradition to nameRead MoreThe Origins Of The Modern World982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Origins of the Modern World by Robert B. Marks is a book about the historical changes that have happened in the period of 1400-1850. He shows that how Asia is the center prior of the 1800s not the standard Eurocentric and it s a polycentric world in term of the world trade. In the Origins, he focuses on the economic history where geographical on China, India, and England. In the beginning of the book he starts with a summary of Rise of the West where he say the west as dynamic, forward lookingRead MoreOrigins Of The World War1796 Words   |  8 Pages Origins of the World War 1 General Theory of the War The First World War occurred when Britain went to war with Germany in the year 1914. During that time, the government led by the Prime Minister called Andrew Fisher pledged to completely support Britain. Globally, the war affected Australia and other nations with a lot of enthusiasm. It lasted for 5 years from the year 1914 to 1919. It was a battle between the allies and the central powers. It is believed to have involved a lot of soldiers andRead MoreEssay on Origins of World War1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe thesis in the article ‘The origins of the World War, by Sidney B. Fay, can clearly be stated as the explanation for World War I. Fay states that no one country is responsible for the creation of the war. Furthermore, he goes on to explain that each of the European countrys leaders did, or failed to do ‘certain things to provoke the other countries into a war. Fay states, One must abandon the dictum of the Versailles Treaty that Germany and her allies were solely resp onsible. It was a dictumRead More Essay On Origins Of World War1510 Words   |  7 Pages The thesis in the article ‘The origins of the World War’, by Sidney B. Fay, can clearly be stated as the explanation for World War I. Fay states that no one country is responsible for the creation of the war. Furthermore, he goes on to explain that each of the European country’s leaders did, or failed to do ‘certain’ things to provoke the other countries into a war. Fay states, â€Å"One must abandon the dictum of the Versailles Treaty that Germany and her allies were solely responsible. It was a dictumRead MoreThe Origins Of Soccer : The World Of The Game1082 Words   |  5 PagesGrace Thomas Mrs. Laudadio Humanities Symposium 22 December 2016 The Origins of Soccer Evolution has acted as the forefront of the game of soccer due to the exponential growth it has endured through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Contributions to this commercial epidemic consist of the robust foundation in which a multitude of cultures have bestowed upon the game. These cultures have formulated, in some manner, an invaluable rudimentary configuration of the game. Despite the innumerableRead MoreOrigins of the First World War1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe First World War was an international conflict which erupted in July 1914 involving various nations across the world. Many historians and those who have studied the Great War tend to give varied opinions as to what initially sparked the outbreak. However, although these opinions between researchers differ, they do all tend to revolve around the hostility between the great powers of Europe, the violent assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and the controversial piecesRead MoreThe Origin s Of World War I3406 Words   |  14 PagesThe Origins of World War I: Domestic Troubles and Diversionary War Drew Miller HON 394: Causes of War 5 May, 2015 !1 Most people, when prompted, will respond that the â€Å"cause† of World War I was the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand—and they would not be wrong. Killing the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire was, without a doubt, the spark that ignited the explosion that was the Great War. However, anyone who is well-versed in the history of World War I knows that the reasonsRead MoreThe Origins Of Christianity As A World Religion2485 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the predominance of Christianity as a world religion, a majority of the peoples of Europe and throughout the world acknowledged and worshiped a multitude of spirits. The Romans and the Greeks believed in a pantheon of gods while the Celts in the British Isles believed in the wildfolk or Faeries. These are just some examples of cultures who worshiped multiple beings. It would also be these same people who would be condemned for their beliefs and labeled by Christians as Heathens and PagansRead MoreThe Origins Of The First World War1792 Words   |  8 Pages The Origins of the First World War The Road To War Is Paved With Good Alliances Did a failure in alliance cause World War 1? Who’s who? Great Britain had a very large empire mostly in Africa and Asia. Britain was choosing to keep out of all matters in Europe that didn t concern them, this policy was called Splendid Isolation and for some time, it was very splendid for Britain, they were once the top for industrial and maritime industrial. Because of Splendid Isolation, it was very hard for

The Thoeries of Local Government in Nigeria. - 3698 Words

Abstract Rural development of the grassroots has been the concern of every responsible and responsive political system. This is because development and participation have continued to elude people of the grassroots. Development remains insignificant if it does not positively affect the lives of those in the periphery of decision making arrangement. The Nigerian state therefore created local government as the third tier of government whose objective is to ensure effective, measurable and efficient service delivery to the people. Local government is faced with various difficulties. The major concern of this paper is to dwell on these difficulties and illuminates the factors that are responsible for them. In achieving this, the paper relies†¦show more content†¦A local government is expected to play the role of promoting the democratic ideals of a society and co-ordinating development programme at the local level. It is also expected to serve as the basis of socio-economic development i n the locality. Observations have shown that local government in Nigeria has not performed to expectation. Keen observers have since adduced various propositions for explaining the reasons why the system has recorded abysmal level of inefficiency and ineffectiveness vis-à  -vis justification for its establishment. But before reading into the problems of local government, we shall first attempt to illuminate the historical background of local government in order to have adequate grasp of its future and achieve deeper understanding of salient issues raised in this paper. Brief Historical Background of Local government System in Nigeria Regardless of nomenclature, local government is a creation of British colonial rule in Nigeria. It has overtime experienced change in name, structure and composition. Between 1930s and 1940s, for instance, local government was known as chief-in-council and

Nobelium Essay Example For Students

Nobelium Essay NobeliumNobelium has the symbol No and is a radioactive metallic element with anatomic number of 102. Nobelium is in the actinide series being labeled as oneof the transuranium elements. The element is named after Alfred Bernhard Nobel,the Swedish inventor and philanthropist. Nobelium can be found when produced artificially in a laboratory. Discovery of the element was first claimed in 1957 by scientific groups in theUnited States, Great Britain, and Sweden, but the first confirmed discovery of anobelium isotope was by a team of scientists at the Lawrence RadiationLaboratory in Berkeley, California and that took place in 1958. The isotope wascreated by bombarding curium isotopes with carbon ions. Chemically, the properties of nobelium are unknown, but because it is anactinide, its properties should resemble those of the rare earth elements. Isotopes with mass numbers from 250 to 259 and 262 are known. The most stableisotope, nobelium-259, has a half-life of 58 minutes. The most common isotope,nobelium-255, has a half-life of a few minutes.

Chemistry social issues Essay Example For Students

Chemistry social issues Essay Recently the cloning of a living life form was brought from the realms of science fiction to reality with the cloning of a sheep named Dolly. The instantaneous reaction of the world have been mixed. So many questions arise. What if some one like Suddam Huisein had access to this technology? Would people want to identical copies of deceased friend and relative? What are the chances of people illegally obtaining blood samples of, for example, Albert Einstein, Elle McPherson, or even John Howard for sale on the black market? Could this development actually be used for a good such as bringing back endangered or extinct animals? Is their a way we can possibly outlaw and enforce cloning? So many questions arise. What if some one like Suddam Huisein had access to this technology? Would people want to identical copies of deceased friend and relative? What are the chances of people illegally obtaining blood samples of, for example, Albert Einstein, Elle McPherson, or even John Howard for sale on the black market? Could this development actually be used for a good such as bringing back endangered or extinct animals? Is their a way we can possibly outlaw and enforce cloning? This new technological development can not be passed of. It has the potential of enormous benefit to society. To think that we have the power to bring certain endangered species back from the verge of extinction is mindblowing but we still have many issues to face before we can step through the door of the future without any fears. The world must face the fact that their will always be people that abuse the system. If cloning is not, in any form, made illegal we will see all of the concerns previously mentioned come true. These laws will certainly need to be drafted and enforced by the United Nations because if it was to become illegal only in the USA, we will see people going elsewhere to conduct their business. Some countries would no doubt place no law against it in the interest of luring business from other countries. If one country is to be outlawed, they all must. Outlawing cloning totally must not be treated as the only choice. Many would argue that we have an obligation to bring back the species that we have forced to the brink of extinction. This must be taken into heavy consideration as it is a core issue. The simplest thing the we could do is go to the UN and get the total banning of cloning. This would clear up all the moral issues and frightening possibilities, but would this be the wisest thing to do. From this there would be nothing to say that cloning could not be undertaken illegally around the world. In my opinion this is a very important technological breakthrough that we cannon ignore, nor fully control. We must attempt to control it as a world wide problem. We must let it be legal for certain places to do research into getting back some of our endangered species. Cloning animals is all very well and I can see no potential problems in this. The cloning of humans is where problems are encountered. The best solution for the problem therefore would be to make the cloning of humans illegal, and the cloning of animals legal under closely observed circumstances. .

What is liberal representative democracy and does the model provide an appropriate combination of freedom and equality

A liberal representative democracy should be understood as a form of democracy where we have people who are elected to represent others. In this case, representatives hold some power that is always regulated and defined by the constitution. In fact, the constitution in question prioritizes the protection of different liberties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is ‘liberal representative democracy’ and does the model provide an appropriate combination of freedom and equality? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rights of minorities on an individualistic aspect are also taken care of and protected as far as liberal representative democracy is concerned. There are a lot of rights that are guaranteed under this form of democracy and this is commendable. For instance, freedom of speech and assembly are important rights that minorities and the whole society at large are supposed to be assured of (Sche b 56). This is well taken care of under this form of democracy. Equality before the law is something that has been synonymous with liberal representative democracy. Liberal representative democracy lays more emphasis on the due process when it comes to matters that deal with law. As far as this form of democracy is concerned, any elections that are held in a given country should be free and fair for all. This means that the ensuing electoral process should be as much competitive as possible. As a matter of fact, liberal representative democracy may take various forms as it has been practiced in different countries. In this form of democracy, everybody is granted the right to vote irrespective of his gender, race or the property that they own. This therefore implies that there is a lot of universal suffrage that is embraced. Liberal representative democracy is determined by the country’s constitution. In the long run, this will ultimately define the character of the state in q uestion.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The constitution in this case limits the powers that a given state will exercise over its citizens. This means that proper separation of powers has been well elaborated. As a matter of fact, there are a lot of checks and balances to ensure that the rights of citizens are not trampled upon (Chua 89). Most liberal representative democracies have always emphasized that the state should follow the rule of law for long term sustainability. This is as far as guaranteeing the existence of a given state is concerned. Therefore, the authority of the government should not be exercised using unknown laws as everything is supposed to be done in accordance to written, known and existing laws as per the constitution (Scheb 18). In fact, legitimate authority is enforced through known and acceptable procedures. Public disclosure of laws is the driving force behind liberal representative democracies because everything should be done to the knowledge of the public. The constitution has always acted as a guard in maintaining such forms of democracy. This is a representative democracy and it should emphasize on the liberty of its citizens as time goes by. The constitution should always act in the interest of the majority and this can be well achieved under this form of democracy. This means that the representatives should not act as the peoples proxies in any way. In this case, the wishes of the majority should be able to carry the day whereby they have the authority to carry out some initiatives that will take care of their interests. This is mostly necessary when people are facing various challenges that need immediate solutions which is acceptable. Therefore, in conclusion, this model provides an appropriate combination of freedom and equality beyond reasonable doubt. This is because of various reasons and practical aspects that have been seen in different countries as far as liberal representative democracy is concerned. It can be explained that this form of democracy provides a good combination because representatives are elected by people through free and fair means. Freedom and equality are guaranteed under this form of democracy because they are enshrined in the constitution which is always the supreme law of a given country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is ‘liberal representative democracy’ and does the model provide an appropriate combination of freedom and equality? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that the law cannot be changed at any time by representatives at the expense of the citizens’ rights without them being involved and consulted (Chua 33). The rights of individuals are protected through enacted laws and this therefore enhances equality. In the process, the interests of minority gr oups in the country are also taken care of. The majority are respected in liberal representative democracies because citizens are always asked to vote in elections. Individual liberties of citizens are always guaranteed which promotes equality in the country. The civil society is given freedom to operate and this ensures that the rights of everybody are considered. Freedom and equality are provided for under this form of democracy because citizens can be given a chance to overrule a decision that will not take care of their interest through a referendum. Everybody is equal before the law and that is why it provides an appropriate combination of freedom and equality (Scheb 40). There are a lot of controlled institutions that guarantee constitutional rights that cultivate freedom and equality in any given country. All citizens in a liberal representative democracy are protected and this extends to property which enhances freedom and equality. This is because there will be equal opport unities for everybody in the whole country without fear of his/her property being confiscated. Works Cited Chua, Amy. World on Fire. New York: Doubleday, 2002. Print. Scheb, John. An Introduction to the American Legal System. New York: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006. Print. This essay on What is ‘liberal representative democracy’ and does the model provide an appropriate combination of freedom and equality? was written and submitted by user Leilani Steele to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley Case Essays

Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley Case Essays Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley Case Paper Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley Case Paper Rob Parson at Morgan Stanley 1. 360? Performance Evaluation System Overview 360 ? performance evaluation system is a multi source feedback model for evaluating the performance of the employees within a company. The main purpose of this system is to develop the employees, not to use it for the administrative purposes as promotion, firing, and compensation package. The feedback is received from the direct manager, customers, peers and subordinates. Also, the self-evaluation of the employee is taken into consideration. 2. A Critical Assessment of the Current Evaluation System The system used within Morgan Stanley is a kind of 360 ? feedback, based only on behavioral data. Although it is recommended for development process, in this case it is used mainly for administrative purposes promotion and compensation packages. If a performance system is intended to be used for administrative purposes, including promotion, the output data (management by objectives) should be used besides the behavior data. The dimensions of behaviors are not formally defined and not well understood by the company employees, even by the recently hired managers. The company wants to change the culture through this performance appraisal system, but the design was not complete and not appropriate training was provided. In this 360 ? feedback implementation, the self-evaluation and customers feedback are not included, although Rob Parson has direct contact with them all the time. A relative assessment in not used, only absolute assessment. The relative one is useful in this case to compare internal potential candidates for the managing direct position. The new line of business Capital Markets Services is a special type of business, which requires a special approach, with high priority activities, which require a fast action. The existing culture does not meet the demands for this type of business. The colleagues are not aware of the importance and characteristics of Robs activity and therefore they do not support him enough. 3. Assessment of Rob Parsons Performance 3. 1Business Objectives Achievement Strong revenue producer Increased dramatically the number of clients Increase market share more then 6 times in one year Change the firm ranked position from 10 to 3. 3. 2Behavior Achievement Positive Ability to cross-sell, willingness to share information and make introductions, energetic approach, outstanding contributor, Very good client relationship skills Self-starter, well known in the industry, good reputation and image. Negative Created a hostile environment around him He always has the right answer, but he doesnt know to save the face of his colleagues 4. Recommendations We understand that one of the main objectives of the company is to change the culture through team work, cooperation, cross-selling and improving management skills. On the other hand, the company strategy includes the development of the Capital Markets Services line of business, which is very demanding and whose principal is Rob Parson. We suggest to improve the current performance management system through: The implementation of performance appraisal system including management by objectives to be used for administrative purposes The improving of the 360 ? erformance system by formal definition of behavioral dimensions, appropriate training for all employees, adding self-evaluation and customer feedback. The Morgan Stanley should provide for managers training programs as team-building and programs for the development of coaching and management skills. Socializing events should be organized across the company. The results of each department performances should be presented to all emp loyees through special channels. Regarding Rob Parson, we suggest to promote him to the managing director position, with the recommendation to improve his management and communication skills, to be less aggressive with the colleagues and also to explain them what are the challenges of his business and to ask for their support. If Rob will not be promoted there are big chances that he will leave the company. He wants this promotion because is part of his long term career goal and this will motivate him to improve himself and his team. If he will leave Morgan Stanley, the company can loose important clients and business opportunities.

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Sales Management - Essay Example Direct mail incorporating an 800 number can be used similarly to the Yellow Pages, as can advertising in many other media.  «Outbound telemarketing takes many forms, but it most resembles traditional, unsolicited door-to-door sales. Contacts are made through cold calls (random), warm calls (referrals) or hot calls (customer-initiated requests for information)†2. For example, manufacturers who were primarily communicating with customers through nonintegrated channels are now finding it is possible to reach them also through telemarketing efforts at a substantially lower cost than other integrated channel alternatives. In this case, manufacturers increase their channel control by adding an additional in-house channel (telemarketing) while keeping cost efficiency high through the application of information technology. At the same time, firms must move with caution as the increase in integration is likely to result in less flexibility. However, the net result is that new technolo gies allow firms to enter customer segments much more easily than before. In other words, market entry barriers are no longer so high, as new technologies enable firms to enhance market coverage while containing costs3. Both direct selling and direct marketing make wide use of telemarketing techniques. Studies noted earlier show that the public perceives some disadvantages in buying from a telemarketing firm. Evidence also exists that image questions still haunt the perceived legitimacy (e.g., pyramids) and ethical propriety of direct selling, as well of selling in general4. Major negative factors attributed to telemarketing by a cross section of consumers are high-pressure selling, unreliable salespeople, and loss of contact after the sale. While some instances of these behaviors undoubtedly exist, they are far from endemic to the industry. These image problems should be addressed and alleviated job satisfaction, commitment, and productivity and

E-Shopping Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-Shopping - Assignment Example These technical improvements in consumer electronics also found their way into the Internet. An example of this is on-line casino game sites where the player experiences the thrills of enjoying and playing in almost-realistic casino. This realism extends not only to the quality of the audio produced by the act of playing such as table card games but also in the way the cards slide on the table. The cards seem to glide on a real casino table that is equipped with padding and the cards being dealt do not slide awkwardly as in previous computer programs where they seem slippery like being on top of glass. I believe Internet shopping ten years from now will allow prospective customers to feel, smell and see the real product on-line. This may seem impossible or incredible but scientists have found out that smell is nothing but just a variant of electromagnetic waves. Smell is transmitted by infrared waves and scientists are near to finally finding the solution to the mystery of smell (Grigoryev, Myakishev & Yankovsky, 2001). Similar to what the early movies during the beginning of the previous century, the invention of the phonograph made movies more enjoyable due the added element of sound. Now that scientists have deciphered the mechanism of smell, it might be able to produce and send smell on the Internet. Consumers can see, touch and smell a product (such as perfume) before they will buy

Islam in the modren world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islam in the modren world - Essay Example They are representative of a radical and extremist wing of fundamentalism, which is made up of Muslims who believe that an Islamic state needs to be imposed on the Muslims in their country. They believe that this Islamic state should be imposed on its people by violence if the situation demands it and should be imposed from above. Islam’s current passage into modernity has gone through three distinct stages. These are revivalism, reform that included nationalism, and finally fundamentalism (Lawrence 20). Each of these stages has emerged out of the failures of the previous ones. These failures include the inability to attain a self-sustaining scientific and economic infrastructure, an inability to attain true independence, and a realistic alternative to a worldwide system, which leads to the marginalization of Islam and their ignorance around the world. The fundamentalist movement is aided and fuelled by a combination of factors including economic, social, and religious stresso rs of countries practicing Islam. These involve high unemployment of the youth, poor human rights records by their governments, unelected and autocratic leadership, extreme poverty for the majority of Muslims compared to extreme wealth for the well-connected members, millions of displaced Palestinian refugees, and a lack of a democratic system of government (Lawrence 40). Probably the most significant stress factor of all has to do with the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, which has dragged on for the majority of the last six decades since the founding of the Israeli state in the 40s. This conflict has helped to fuel a lot of anger, hostility, distrust, unrest, instability, and wide spread feelings of victimization in the Middle East. The elusiveness of a peace process settlement, the status of the city of Jerusalem’s Muslim section, the status of Jerusalem’s Temple Mount’s Dome of the Rock- the third of the sacred sites of Islam, and the continued unchecked expans ion of settlement by the Jewish State act as major flash points (Lawrence 41). Another stress factor fuelling these movements is the American military in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which is viewed by a majority of the radical wing of Islam fundamentalism as blatant desecration of holy ground. The formation and the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism for the Palestinians in the Diaspora, as well as within Palestine, and the emergence of various fundamentalist political groups within the occupied territory began in the later part of the 70s (Lawrence 49). Defeat by the Israelis had forced the Palestinian, and their Arab backers to acknowledge their weak points. Most fundamentalists will attribute their inherent weakness to the spread of secularism and the region’s failure to embrace the teachings of Islam and to apply its teachings. Two movements emerged, in this context, especially from the Palestinian side: the Islamic Jihad and Hamas. These movements are focused on the per petration of violent acts to show their resistance to occupation of their lands by the Israelis. However, in the aftermath of what were bloody suicide bomb attacks perpetrated by members of these two movements inside Israel, the Palestinian Authority was forced to subject the two movements to punitive measures. These included a blanket ban on the military wings of the movements, closure of various institutions used for their recruitment,

Polyisobutylene Applications

Polyisobutylene Applications Fuel and lubricant additive. Polyisobutylene (in the form of polyisobutylene succinimide) has interesting properties when used as an additive in lubricating oils and motor fuels. Polyisobutylene added in small amounts to the lubricating oils used in machining results in a significant reduction in the generation of oil mist and thus reduces the operators inhalation of oil mist.[2] It is also used to clean up waterborne oil spills as part of the commercial product Elastol. When added to crude oil it increases the oils viscoelasticity when pulled, causing the oil to resist breakup when it is vacuumed from the surface of the water. As a fuel additive, polyisobutylene has detergent properties. When added to diesel fuel, it resists fouling of fuel injectors, leading to reduced hydrocarbon and particulate emissions.[3] It is blended with other detergents and additives to make a detergent package that is added to gasoline and diesel fuel to resist buildup of deposits and engine knock.[4] Polyisobutylene is used in some formulations as a thickening agent. [edit]Sporting equipment Butyl rubber is used for the bladders in basketballs, footballs, soccer balls and other inflatable balls to provide a tough, airtight inner compartment. [edit]Roof Repair Butyl rubber sealant is used for rubber roof repair and for maintenance of roof membranes (especially around the edges). It is important to have the roof membrane fixed, as a lot of fixtures (i.e., air conditioner vents, plumbing and other pipes, etc.) can considerably loosen it. Rubber roofing typically refers to a specific type of roofing materials that are made of ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM). It is crucial to the integrity of such roofs to avoid using harsh abrasive materials and petroleum-based solvents for their maintenance. Polyester fabric laminated to butyl rubber binder provides a single-sided waterproof tape that can be used on metal, PVC, and cement joints. It is ideal for repairing and waterproofing metal roofs. [edit]Gas masks and chemical agent protection Butyl rubber is one of the most robust elastomers when subjected to chemical warfare agents and decontamination materials. It is a harder and less porous material than other elastomers, such as natural rubber or silicone, but still has enough elasticity to form an airtight seal. While butyl rubber will break down when exposed to agents such as NH3 (ammonia) or certain solvents, it breaks down more slowly than comparable elastomers. It is therefore used to create seals in gas masks and other protective clothing. [edit]Chewing gum Molecular structure: Rubber Chemical Structure Introduction to rubber chemical structure: In the organic chemistry section of chemistry ,we learn about the various polymers , monomers,elastomers etc.Monomer is a single unit and when huge number of monomers are combined or say polymerised then polymers are formed.The process of conversion of monomer to polymer is known as p-olymerisation.Elastomer is an another category of polymers having a specific properties of regaining of its structure even if it is stretched.Rubber comes under the category of elastomer.In general life rubber has variety of uses.the important property of rubber is that it regains its structure even if it is stretched.Stretching can be done up to a certain limit.If it is stretched beyond limit then it can break. Rubber can be found in two forms 1)Natural rubber 2)Synthetic Rubber Natural rubber is a kind of rubber which which is found directly from the nature.And when the natural rubber is processed under some chemical processes then a new kind of rubber is formed ,this rubber is known as synthetic rubber.We can also say that natural rubber are synthesised from the natural rubber.Both this rubber are of great use because of its specific features. Structure of rubber: Main composition of crude rubber is hydrocarbons.It also contains some proteins and materials which are soluble in acetone.The hydrocarbons which possess the properties of rubber are usually high in molecular weight and it ranges from 45000 to 3000000.Isoprene is a monomer of natural rubber.When huge number of isoprene units are polymerised then a polymer is formed . Cis and Trans Configuration of Rubber The cis configuration of the natural rubber is the reason for the rubber properties in it. Cis configuration means that extension of the chain is on the same side of the ethylene bond.If the configuration is trans, it means that the extension of chain is on the both sides of ethylene bond,then it is a hard plastic.In case of trans it does not show the properties of rubber. Synthetic rubber is of great use in the industry.Some of the widely used synthetic rubber are butyl rubber which is formed by the copolymerisation of isobutylene and a little amount isoprene.Another synthetic rubber is Styrene Butadiene Rubber also known as SBR.Buna N and buna S is also a kind of synthetic rubber often use in the industry. Vulcanisation of Rubber In the rubber molecules the cross linking between the chains are very less.This leads to the softness in the rubber .To make the rubber hard some chemicals are added to it.The process is known as vulcanisation.In this process the natural rubber is treated with some chemicals ,more often chemical used is sulphur.When sulphur reacts with the natural rubber then it increases the cross linking between the molecules in the rubber.It also forms many sulphide bonds.Due to formation of many new crosslinkings and many sulphide bonds the natural rubber becomes hard.Natural rubber is a kind of thermoplastic,it means that it becomes soft when it is subjected to heat and it becomes hard when it is subjected to cold. butyl rubber (IIR), also called isobutylene-isoprene rubber, a synthetic rubber produced by copolymerizing isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene. Valued for its chemical inertness, impermeability to gases, and weatherability, butyl rubber is employed in the inner linings of automobile tires and in other specialty applications. Both isobutylene (C[CH3]2=CH2) and isoprene (CH2=C[CH3]-CH=CH2) are usually obtained by the thermal cracking of natural gas or of the lighter fractions of crude oil. At normal temperature and pressure isobutylene is a gas and isoprene is a volatile liquid. For processing into IIR, isobutylene, refrigerated to very low temperatures (approximately à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢100  °C [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢150  °F]), is diluted with methyl chloride. Low concentrations (1.5 to 4.5 percent) of isoprene are added in the presence of aluminum chloride, which initiates the reaction in which the two compounds copolymerize (i.e., their single-unit molecules link together to form giant, multiple-unit molecules). The polymer repeating units have the following structures: Because the base polymer, polyisobutylene, is stereoregular (i.e., its pendant groups are arranged in a regular order along the polymer chains) and because the chains crystallize rapidly on stretching, IIR containing only a small amount of isoprene is as strong as natural rubber. In addition, because the copolymer contains few unsaturated groups (represented by the carbon-carbon double bond located in each isoprene repeating unit), IIR is relatively resistant to oxidation-a process by which oxygen in the atmosphere reacts with the double bonds and breaks the polymer chains, thereby degrading the material. Butyl rubber also shows an unusually low rate of molecular motion well above the glass transition temperature (the temperature above which the molecules are no longer frozen in a rigid,glassy state). This lack of motion is reflected in the copolymers unusually low permeability to gases as well as in its outstanding resistance to attack by ozone. The copolymer is recovered from the solvent as a crumb, which can be compounded with fillers and other modifiers and then vulcanized into practical rubber products. Owing to its excellent air retention, butyl rubber is the preferred material for inner tubes in all but the largest sizes. It also plays an important part in the inner liners of tubeless tires. (Because of poor tread durability, all-butyl tires have not proved successful.) IIR is also used for many other automobile components, including window strips, because of its resistance to oxidation. Its resistance to heat has made it indispensable in tire manufacture, where it forms the bladders that retain the steam or hot water used to vulcanize tires. Bromine or chlorine can be added to the small isoprene fraction of IIR to make BIIR or CIIR (known as halobutyls). The properties of these polymers are similar to those of IIR, but they can be cured more rapidly and with different and smaller amounts of curative agents. As a result, BIIR and CIIR can be cocured more readily in contact with other elastomers making up a rubber product. Butyl rubber was first produced by American chemists William Sparks and Robert Thomas at the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (nowExxon Corporation) in 1937. Earlier attempts to produce synthetic rubbers had involved the polymerization of dienes (hydrocarbon molecules containing two carbon-carbon double bonds) such as isoprene and butadiene. Sparks and Thomas defied convention by copolymerizing isobutylene, an olefin (hydrocarbon molecules containing only one carbon-carbon double bond) with small amounts-e.g., less than 2 percent-of isoprene. As a diene, isoprene provided the extra double bond required to cross-link the otherwise inert polymer chains, which were essentially polyisobutylene. Before experimental difficulties were resolved, butyl rubber was called futile butyl, but with improvements it enjoyed wide acceptance for its low permeability to gases and its excellent resistance to oxygen and ozone at normal temperatures. During World War IIthe copolymer was called GR-I, for Government Rubber-Isobutylene. LINKS Related Articles Top of Form Polymers 1. Introduction Prior to the early 1920s, chemists doubted the existence of molecules having molecular weights greater than a few thousand. This limiting view was challenged by Hermann Staudinger, a German chemist with experience in studying natural compounds such as rubber and cellulose. In contrast to the prevailing rationalization of these substances as aggregates of small molecules, Staudinger proposed they were made up of macromolecules composed of 10,000 or more atoms. He formulated a polymeric structure for rubber, based on a repeating isoprene unit (referred to as a monomer). For his contributions to chemistry, Staudinger received the 1953 Nobel Prize. The terms polymer and monomer were derived from the Greek roots poly (many), mono (one) and meros (part). Recognition that polymeric macromolecules make up many important natural materials was followed by the creation of synthetic analogs having a variety of properties. Indeed, applications of these materials as fibers, flexible films, adhesives, resistant paints and tough but light solids have transformed modern society. Some important examples of these substances are discussed in the following sections. art 2. Writing Formulas for Polymeric Macromolecules The repeating structural unit of most simple polymers not only reflects the monomer(s) from which the polymers are constructed, but also provides a concise means for drawing structures to represent these macromolecules. For polyethylene, arguably the simplest polymer, this is demonstrated by the following equation. Here ethylene (ethene) is the monomer, and the corresponding linear polymer is called high-density polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE is composed of macromolecules in which n ranges from 10,000 to 100,000 (molecular weight 2*105 to 3 *106 ). If Y and Z represent moles of monomer and polymer respectively, Z is approximately 10-5 Y. This polymer is called polyethylene rather than polymethylene, (-CH2-)n, because ethylene is a stable compound (methylene is not), and it also serves as the synthetic precursor of the polymer. The two open bonds remaining at the ends of the long chain of carbons (colored magenta) are normally not specified, because the atoms or groups found there depend on the chemical process used for polymerization. The synthetic methods used to prepare this and other polymers will be described later in this chapter. Unlike simpler pure compounds, most polymers are not composed of identical molecules. The HDPE molecules, for example, are all long carbon chains, but the lengths may vary by thousands of monomer units. Because of this, polymer molecular weights are usually given as averages. Two experimentally determined values are common: Mn , the number average molecular weight, is calculated from the mole fraction distribution of different sized molecules in a sample, and Mw , the weight average molecular weight, is calculated from the weight fraction distribution of different sized molecules. These are defined below. Since larger molecules in a sample weigh more than smaller molecules, the weight average Mw is necessarily skewed to higher values, and is always greater than Mn. As the weight dispersion of molecules in a sample narrows, Mw approaches Mn, and in the unlikely case that all the polymer molecules have identical weights (a pure mono-disperse sample), the ratio Mw / Mn becomes unity. The influence of different mass distributions on Mn and Mw may be examined with the aid of a simple mass calculator. To use this device Click Here. Many polymeric materials having chain-like structures similar to polyethylene are known. Polymers formed by a straightforward linking together of monomer units, with no loss or gain of material, are called addition polymers or chain-growth polymers. A listing of some important addition polymers and their monomer precursors is presented in the following table. Some Common Addition Polymers Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses Polyethylene low density (LDPE) -(CH2-CH2)n- ethylene CH2=CH2 soft, waxy solid film wrap, plastic bags Polyethylene high density (HDPE) -(CH2-CH2)n- ethylene CH2=CH2 rigid, translucent solid electrical insulation bottles, toys Polypropylene (PP) different grades -[CH2-CH(CH3)]n- propylene CH2=CHCH3 atactic: soft, elastic solid isotactic: hard, strong solid similar to LDPE carpet, upholstery Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) -(CH2-CHCl)n- vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl strong rigid solid pipes, siding, flooring Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) -(CH2-CCl2)n- vinylidene chloride CH2=CCl2 dense, high-melting solid seat covers, films Polystyrene (PS) -[CH2-CH(C6H5)]n- styrene CH2=CHC6H5 hard, rigid, clear solid soluble in organic solvents toys, cabinets packaging (foamed) Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon, Acrilan) -(CH2-CHCN)n- acrylonitrile CH2=CHCN high-melting solid soluble in organic solvents rugs, blankets clothing Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) -(CF2-CF2)n- tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 resistant, smooth solid non-stick surfaces electrical insulation Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) -[CH2-C(CH3)CO2CH3]n- methyl methacrylate CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH3 hard, transparent solid lighting covers, signs skylights Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) -(CH2-CHOCOCH3)n- vinyl acetate CH2=CHOCOCH3 soft, sticky solid latex paints, adhesives cis-Polyisoprene natural rubber -[CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2]n- isoprene CH2=CH-C(CH3)=CH2 soft, sticky solid requires vulcanization for practical use Polychloroprene (cis + trans) (Neoprene) -[CH2-CH=CCl-CH2]n- chloroprene CH2=CH-CCl=CH2 tough, rubbery solid synthetic rubber oil resistant 3. Properties of Macromolecules A comparison of the properties of polyethylene (both LDPE HDPE) with the natural polymers rubber and cellulose is instructive. As noted above, synthetic HDPE macromolecules have masses ranging from 105 to 106 amu (LDPE molecules are more than a hundred times smaller). Rubber and cellulose molecules have similar mass ranges, but fewer monomer units because of the monomers larger size. The physical properties of these three polymeric substances differ from each other, and of course from their monomers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ HDPE is a rigid translucent solid which softens on heating above 100 ° C, and can be fashioned into various forms including films. It is not as easily stretched and deformed as is LDPE. HDPE is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, although some swelling may occur on immersion in the latter. HDPE is an excellent electrical insulator. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LDPE is a soft translucent solid which deforms badly above 75 ° C. Films made from LDPE stretch easily and are commonly used for wrapping. LDPE is insoluble in water, but softens and swells on exposure to hydrocarbon solvents. Both LDPE and HDPE become brittle at very low temperatures (below -80 ° C). Ethylene, the common monomer for these polymers, is a low boiling (-104 ° C) gas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Natural (latex) rubber is an opaque, soft, easily deformable solid that becomes sticky when heated (above. 60 ° C), and brittle when cooled below -50 ° C. It swells to more than double its size in nonpolar organic solvents like toluene, eventually dissolving, but is impermeable to water. The C5H8 monomer isoprene is a volatile liquid (b.p. 34 ° C). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pure cellulose, in the form of cotton, is a soft flexible fiber, essentially unchanged by variations in temperature ranging from -70 to 80 ° C. Cotton absorbs water readily, but is unaffected by immersion in toluene or most other organic solvents. Cellulose fibers may be bent and twisted, but do not stretch much before breaking. The monomer of cellulose is the C6H12O6aldohexose D-glucose. Glucose is a water soluble solid melting below 150 ° C. To account for the differences noted here we need to consider the nature of the aggregate macromolecular structure, or morphology, of each substance. Because polymer molecules are so large, they generally pack together in a non-uniform fashion, with ordered or crystalline-like regions mixed together with disordered or amorphous domains. In some cases the entire solid may be amorphous, composed entirely of coiled and tangled macromolecular chains. Crystallinity occurs when linear polymer chains are structurally oriented in a uniform three-dimensional matrix. In the diagram on the right, crystalline domains are colored blue. Increased crystallinity is associated with an increase in rigidity, tensile strength and opacity (due to light scattering). Amorphous polymers are usually less rigid, weaker and more easily deformed. They are often transparent. Three factors that influence the degree of crystallinity are: i) Chain length ii) Chain branching iii) Interchain bonding The importance of the first two factors is nicely illustrated by the differences between LDPE and HDPE. As noted earlier, HDPE is composed of very long unbranched hydrocarbon chains. These pack together easily in crystalline domains that alternate with amorphous segments, and the resulting material, while relatively strong and stiff, retains a degree of flexibility. In contrast, LDPE is composed of smaller and more highly branched chains which do not easily adopt crystalline structures. This material is therefore softer, weaker, less dense and more easily deformed than HDPE. As a rule, mechanical properties such as ductility, tensile strength, and hardness rise and eventually level off with increasing chain length. The nature of cellulose supports the above analysis and demonstrates the importance of the third factor (iii). To begin with, cellulose chains easily adopt a stable rod-like conformation. These molecules align themselves side by side into fibers that are stabilized by inter-chain hydrogen bonding between the three hydroxyl groups on each monomer unit. Consequently, crystallinity is high and the cellulose molecules do not move or slip relative to each other. The high concentration of hydroxyl groups also accounts for the facile absorption of water that is characteristic of cotton. Natural rubber is a completely amorphous polymer. Unfortunately, the potentially useful properties of raw latex rubber are limited by temperature dependence; however, these properties can be modified by chemical change. The cis-double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain provide planar segments that stiffen, but do not straighten the chain. If these rigid segments are completely removed by hydrogenation (H2 Pt catalyst), the chains lose all constrainment, and the product is a low melting paraffin-like semisolid of little value. If instead, the chains of rubber molecules are slightly cross-linked by sulfur atoms, a process called vulcanization which was discovered by Charles Goodyear in 1839, the desirable elastomeric properties of rubber are substantially improved. At 2 to 3% crosslinking a useful soft rubber, that no longer suffers stickiness and brittleness problems on heating and cooling, is obtained. At 25 to 35% crosslinking a rigid hard rubber product is formed. The following illust ration shows a cross-linked section of amorphous rubber. By clicking on the diagram it will change to a display of the corresponding stretched section. The more highly-ordered chains in the stretched conformation are entropically unstable and return to their original coiled state when allowed to relax (click a second time). On heating or cooling most polymers undergo thermal transitions that provide insight into their morphology. These are defined as the melt transition, Tm , and the glass transition, Tg . Tm is the temperature at which crystalline domains lose their structure, or melt. As crystallinity increases, so does Tm. Tg is the temperature below which amorphous domains lose the structural mobility of the polymer chains and become rigid glasses. Tg often depends on the history of the sample, particularly previous heat treatment, mechanical manipulation and annealing. It is sometimes interpreted as the temperature above which significant portions of polymer chains are able to slide past each other in response to an applied force. The introduction of relatively large and stiff substituents (such as benzene rings) will interfere with this chain movement, thus increasing Tg (note polystyrene below). The introduction of small molecular compounds called plasticizers into the polymer matrix increases the interchain spacing, allowing chain movement at lower temperatures. with a resulting decrease in Tg. The outgassing of plasticizers used to modify interior plastic components of automobiles produces the new-car smell to which we are accustomed. Tm and Tg values for some common addition polymers are listed below. Note that cellulose has neither a Tm nor a Tg. Polymer LDPE HDPE PP PVC PS PAN PTFE PMMA Rubber Tm ( °C) 110 130 175 180 175 >200 330 180 30 Tg ( °C) _110 _100 _10 80 90 95 _110 105 _70 Rubber is a member of an important group of polymers called elastomers. Elastomers are amorphous polymers that have the ability to stretch and then return to their original shape at temperatures above Tg. This property is important in applications such as gaskets and O-rings, so the development of synthetic elastomers that can function under harsh or demanding conditions remains a practical goal. At temperatures below Tg elastomers become rigid glassy solids and lose all elasticity. A tragic example of this caused the space shuttle Challenger disaster. The heat and chemical resistant O-rings used to seal sections of the solid booster rockets had an unfortunately high Tg near 0  °C. The unexpectedly low temperatures on the morning of the launch were below this Tg, allowing hot rocket gases to escape the seals. Copolymers The synthesis of macromolecules composed of more than one monomeric repeating unit has been explored as a means of controlling the properties of the resulting material. In this respect, it is useful to distinguish several ways in which different monomeric units might be incorporated in a polymeric molecule. The following examples refer to a two component system, in which one monomer is designated A and the other B. Statistical Copolymers Also called random copolymers. Here the monomeric units are distributed randomly, and sometimes unevenly, in the polymer chain: ~ABBAAABAABBBABAABA~. Alternating Copolymers Here the monomeric units are distributed in a regular alternating fashion, with nearly equimolar amounts of each in the chain: ~ABABABABABABABAB~. Block Copolymers Instead of a mixed distribution of monomeric units, a long sequence or block of one monomer is joined to a block of the second monomer: ~AAAAA-BBBBBBB~AAAAAAA~BBB~. Graft Copolymers As the name suggests, side chains of a given monomer are attached to the main chain of the second monomer: ~AAAAAAA(BBBBBBB~)AAAAAAA(BBBB~)AAA~. 1. Addition Copolymerization Most direct copolymerizations of equimolar mixtures of different monomers give statistical copolymers, or if one monomer is much more reactive a nearly homopolymer of that monomer. The copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate, for example, proceeds differently depending on the mechanism. Radical polymerization gives a statistical copolymer. However, the product of cationic polymerization is largely polystyrene, and anionic polymerization favors formation of poly(methyl methacrylate). In cases where the relative reactivities are different, the copolymer composition can sometimes be controlled by continuous introduction of a biased mixture of monomers into the reaction. Formation of alternating copolymers is favored when the monomers have different polar substituents (e.g. one electron withdrawing and the other electron donating), and both have similar reactivities toward radicals. For example, styrene and acrylonitrile copolymerize in a largely alternating fashion. Some Useful Copolymers Monomer A Monomer B Copolymer Uses H2C=CHCl H2C=CCl2 Saran films fibers H2C=CHC6H5 H2C=C-CH=CH2 SBR styrene butadiene rubber tires H2C=CHCN H2C=C-CH=CH2 Nitrile Rubber adhesives hoses H2C=C(CH3)2 H2C=C-CH=CH2 Butyl Rubber inner tubes F2C=CF(CF3) H2C=CHF Viton gaskets A terpolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, called ABS rubber, is used for high-impact containers, pipes and gaskets. For polyisobutylene at a glance, click here! Polyisobutylene is a synthetic rubber, or elastomer. Its special because its the only rubber thats gas impermeable, that is, its the only rubber that can hold air for long periods of time. You may have noticed that balloons will go flat after a few days. This is because they are made of polyisoprene, which is not gas impermeable. Because polyisobutylene will hold air, it is used to make things like the inner liner of tires, and the inner liners of basketballs. Polyisobutylene, sometimes called butyl rubber, and other times PIB, is a vinyl polymer. Its very similar to polyethylene and polypropylene in structure, except that every other carbon is substituted with two methyl groups. It is made from the monomer isobutylene, by cationic vinyl polymerization. And this is that monomer isobutylene: Usually, a small amount of isoprene is added to the isobutylene. The polymerization is carried out at a right frosty -100 oC, or -148 oF for you Americans out there. This is because the reaction is so fast we cant control it unless we freeze it colder than a brass toilet seat in the Yukon. Polyisobutylene was first developed during the early 1940s. At that time, the most widely used rubber was natural rubber, polyisoprene. Polyisoprene was an excellent elastomer, and easy to isolate from the sap of the hevea tree. Huge plantations thrived in Malaysia and grew hevea trees to supply the worlds rubber needs. There was only one slight problem, and that was that Malaysia had just been conquered by the Imperial Japanese Army, and wouldnt you know we just so happened to be fighting the Second World War against them right at that moment. Before the war was over more than sixty million people would be dead. Deprived of natural rubber, the Allied nations did some quick thinking and came up with PIB. It obviously worked, because the Allies won the war. Ok, we didnt actually invent polyisobutylene during the war. It had been invented long before the war by chemists in Germany. Theres irony! But it wasnt very useful until American chemists came up with a way to crosslink it. What they did was to copolymerize isobutylene with a little bit, say, around one percent, isoprene. This is isoprene: When isoprene is polymerized with the isobutylene we get a polymer that looks like this: About one or two out of every hundred repeat units is an isoprene unit, shown in blue. These have double bonds, which means the polymer can be crosslinked byvulcanization just like natural rubber. What is this vulcanization? To find out, click here. Stealing Vulcans Fire There was a time long past when the only rubber we had was natural rubber latex, polyisoprene. Straight out of the tree, natural rubber latex isnt good for much. It gets runny and sticky when it gets warm, and it gets hard and brittle when its cold. Tires made out of it wouldnt be much good unless one lived in some happy land where the temperature was seventy degrees year round. A long time agohow long, you ask? It was about a hundred and sixty years ago, 1839 to be exact. This was before there were any cars to need tires, but the idea of a useable rubber was still attractive. One person trying to make rubber more useful was named Charles Goodyear, a tinkerer and inventor, and by no means a successful one at this point. While goofing around in his kitchen with a piece of fabric coated with a m

Sibling Rivalry :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Sibling rivalry (the slightly-less-amazing adventures of Professor Sanderson's Sociobiology discussion group) Why yes, it's... The slightly-less-amazing adventures of Professor Sanderson's Sociobiology discussion group! Today's topic: Sibling Rivalry ** Professor Armand Sanderson's Sociobiology lecture was not quite as popular as his brother Julian's Paleobio class. Partly this was because sociobio did not lend itself to psycho-Permian field trips; partly this was because he, unlike his Cosmopolitan brother, looked more like a lumberjack than a professor. In fact, the highest attendance he'd ever recorded occurred on the day he brought Julian in as a guest. This annoyed him. "Good morning," he addressed the sea of faces sourly. "As I'm sure you all know, today we have my brother Julian in as a guest." Julian waved cheerily. Fifty-seven eyelids batted. "He's here for today's discussion on the biological origins and implications of sibling rivalry among humans. I expect you all to participate." Despite his gruffness, he received only minimal acknowledgement. "Julian," he continued, noting with ire the sudden leap in his students' attention, "is here to provide a living example of the concepts we're about to discuss. He's also good with animal behavior, so he'll be starting you off today with some of the biological bases of sibling competition." He narrowed his eyes. "I expect you to pay attention to what he's saying." The threat was habitual, and, in this case (he again noted with ire) completely unnecessary. The class had no trouble obeying. As Julian stepped forward, all talk immediately ceased---though some of the students' comprehensive faculties ceased along with it. "Good morning, everybody!" Julian chirped. "Like Armand said, today we're here to discuss sibling rivalry. We don't have a lot of time, so I'll just jump right in. Now, how many of you here have ever fought with your brothers and sisters?" All but a few hands went up. Julian nodded, smiling. "Right. So you would say it's a common problem?" The class murmured agreement. "Well, you're absolutely right. This may come as a surprise to you, but humans aren't the only species who get ticked off by their siblings. In fact, sibling rivalry is ubiquitous in nature. ((5))" Leaning back, Julian lifted himself to sit on the edge of Armand's desk. Armand, typically, scowled. "For a good example, look at baby pigs," the younger professor explained. "They push each other out of the way so they can get at their mom's anterior teats---that's where the best milk is.

Ethical Issues in the Social Worker’s Roles in Pas

Review and Critique of â€Å"Ethical Issues in the Social Worker’s Role in PAS (Ameda A. Manetta and Jancie G. Wells, 2001) Tracy S. Robinson September 2010 (Ameda A. Manetta and Jancie G. Wells, 2001). Ethical issues in the social worker’s role in pas. Health ;amp; Social Work/ Volume 26, pg 3 Introduction The author’s focus was on ethical issues in physician assisted suicide and the role it plays amongst social worker’s. The author’s presented results of an exploratory study of social workers views on physician assisted suicide (PAS).In which social workers favored or not favor PAS and whether there is a difference in education or training on mental health issues, ethics, or suicide that may influenced their views as well. The involvement with PAS presents an ethical dilemma, which in this article refers to a situation in which social workers think they have no definitive guidelines for professional behavior. The article has current interest beca use it is important that social workers have been properly prepare and train to work with clients making end of life decision.Summary of the author’s main points Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study was to determine social workers views on physician assisted suicide (PAS). The study involved participant from three separate workshops on suicide that were presented by the first author. The study subsamples sixty-six social workers. The social workers either had a South Carolina social work license or a bachelor’s or master’s degree in social work. The participants recruitment where given a questionnaire that contained twenty-six questions, most of which required yes or no responses.The study focus on how these different elements guide social workers in making ethical decisions regarding intervention with clients. There were areas in the articles that mention how social workers had difficulties in doing that. Summary of literature review as presented by t he author. The study found that physician assisted suicide is one of the most frequently debated issues in American Society (Bachman et al.. , 1996; Foley, 1997). The study found that people are divide on the issues.It has brought arguments about preservation of life, autonomy, and self-determination of individual. This gives ethical and moral complicity of end life decision making. The study found that most social worker agrees that PAS should be reserved for people who are dying from terminal illness. However the other percentage that opposes argue that underutilization of narcotics for pain control leaves terminally ill patient in pain during the end of life as well. The finding for the arguments had little research conducted on the etiology of actual cases of PAS.Most of the available data is on suicide among individuals who acted alone. It has found that when people are experiencing personal difficulties or have lowered coping capacity, they are at risk of suicide. However term inally ill people are rarely suicidal, the author’s have shown studies that the main difference between terminally ill patient who become suicidal and those who don’t is the presence of clinical depression in the patients who are suicidal. Summary of ethical issues.There are some ethical dilemmas that occur when there is a lack of knowledge about state and federal legislation governing practice are sufficiently prepared to work responsibly with clients and family considering PAS. Some ethical issues arise when the lack of knowledge may have produced biased thinking in social workers projecting what they want in a situation onto their clients or client’s family. The instruments. The researchers used a questionnaire as their instrument in the study. The survey instrument contained twenty-six questions.The questions included demographic information on age, race, religion, and educational degree. Sampling techniques. There were a total of ninety-eight participants, including physician, psychologists, nurses, and social workers complete the questionnaire. The finding reported here based on a subsample of sixty-six social workers who either had a South Carolina social work license or a bachelor’s or master’s degree in social work. Methods of data analysis. The researchers used the statistical program for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the data.Descriptive statistics were calculated on demographic information. A chi-square analysis was used to determine if there were any statistical relationships between social workers who agreed and those who disagreed with PAS by whether they had universal courses, additional training, and knowledge of the PAS law of South Carolina. Data collection techniques. Participant’s recruitment occurred at three separate workshops on suicide. As attendees enter the workshop a questionnaire was administrated to ninety-eight participants. Summary of study findings.The author’s of this ar ticle had the following major findings: (a) that social workers in South Carolina are evenly divided about who supported PAS and who did not support it. (b) circumstances under PAS would be favored for reasons other than terminal illness, were two-thirds agreed with PAS if a person had terminal illness, compared with thirty-seven percentage. (c) majority of respondents stated that they had taken university courses or had additional training in the field of mental health, ethics and suicide. Relevance of the article to social work profession.Resolving ethical problems. The authors suggest obtaining information from social worker who works with a broad spectrum of clients would help in formulating policy. Since PAS and legacy of PAS are applicable to all populations. The authors in the article also suggest that legislation should set up some type of ethical practice by requiring that social workers be licensed in one of the three levels. And social workers only should practice in area s in which they have expertise and license in. Benefits of the article to social workers.The social workers may benefits from this article because it makes them more aware about PAS. It also benefits by informing social workers of the accountability of their action when assist clients and their families who request information about PAS. The article helps social workers want to get more inform about the policies related to PAS and how it would affect them has social workers. The article gave them a broader view of end of life decision from the narrow biomedical and single focus on self-determination to one that incorporates the core value of human rights. Critique and Personal Opinions.Critique. The article was relevant to social work practice. The article focused on the issues that needed to be address toward social workers roles in PAS. The authors identify the ethical dilemmas that social workers have been avoiding conflicts in the view of PAS. The research that was conducted was limited due to the fact of its small sample size, but the results of it confirm the need for more extensive research in the area of social work with PAS. Personal opinions. In my opinion I would have liked for the study to have been broader in their selection of participants.I think that there should have been a state wide study done. South Caroline shouldn’t have been the only sate involved in their study. I believe if they had more statistics it would have capture a broader view of what they were trying to get cross. I wonder if they had given the questionnaires at the end of the workshop they would have gotten a better response in data. Improving the study. In order to improve the study what would have been done differently? I think I would have included more workshops of suicide to pull more research from the study.The study was conducted with limitations in it. Those limitations of study did affect the calculation and results of the study. I would have liked the authors to have gone farther into the dilemmas that social workers have with avoidance of conflict. Conclusion. The article included valuable but limited information. The authors of this wanted to focus on the ethical dilemma that surrounded social workers with (PAS). The authors study did point out issues that needed to be address to help social worker want to make better ethical decision when it comes to dealing with end of life decision.This decision should be consistence with social worker values of protection of vulnerable populations in today’s society. The study also identifies the need for NASW to disseminate its professional policy statement to the profession and to broaden their views of end of life decision. I believe this is a great start that the authors brought forth in helping social workers down the path to end the ethical dilemma presented toward PAS.References (Ameda A. Manetta and Jancie G. Wells, 2001)

Immanuel Kant Essays

Immanuel Kant Essays Immanuel Kant Essay Immanuel Kant Essay Essay Topic: Immanuel Kant The followers is taken from Immanuel Kant’s The Metaphysics of Morals ( Part II. The Science of Right ) . translated by W. Hastie with emendations and paragraph Numberss added by Jeremy Anderson. The complete text is available free online here. In this extract. Kant first explains what offense is and the different kinds of offenses ( paragraph 1 ) . which is non really of import for our intents. He so presents his position that penalty is justified by the criminal’s holding committed a offense ( par. 2 ) .This is to be contrasted with other theories of penalty such as the Utilitarian theory. harmonizing to which penalty is justified by the good it brings to society. Kant rejects the Utilitarian theory for two grounds. First. he believes it treats felons as mere means to others’ good ; Kant’s Categorical Imperative forbids this. Second. the Utilitarian theory could. perchance. warrant penalizing an guiltless individual because of the good it might convey to society. To Kant. this kind of unfairness is perfectly unbearable.Having explained why we punish people Kant goes on to discourse how and how much to penalize felons ( par. 3-8 ) . Here he asserts that the injury done to the felon should be the injury the felon did to others. both in sum and in sort ( in category we are naming this the Equal Punishment version of the lex talionis ) . The remainder of the piece largely explains what he means by this. with peculiar accent on the demand for the decease punishment. In paragraphs 8 and 10 Kant considers some interesting exclusions to the regulation that liquidators must be executed.Okay. so Kant believed that penalty should ever be in response to a offense – penalizing person to protect society or to discourage others is immoral. Kant goes on to state that it is besides immoral for a individual to perpetrate a offense. and non be punished. In other words. every offense merits a penalty ; it is Kant’s signifier of equality. Kant refers to this as jus talionis. which is slackly translates as the right of revenge. However. Kant was opposed to penalizing people if it took away their humanity.In other words. if a individual tortures people. that individual should non be punished by anguish. because making so would be dehumanising OURSELVES. In other words. it would be crouching to the degree of the torturer. Kant did believe in Capital Punishment – in fact. he insisted on it. He states in his book. Metaphysicss on Ethical motive s. that harmonizing to Jus Talionis. liquidators MUST die – there is no earthly penalty other than decease that can equilibrate out a slaying. and therefore continue Jus Talionis. the balance between offense and penalty.It is like a graduated table – the side of justness must equilibrate the side of unfairness. An Exposition of Kant’s. Arendt’s. and Mill’s Moral Philosophy Immanuel Kant adheres to Deontological moralss. His theory offers a position of morality based on the rule of good will and responsibility. Harmonizing to him. people can execute good actions entirely by good purposes without any considerations to effects. In add-on. one must follow the Torahs and the categorical jussive mood in order to move in conformity with and from responsibility.Several other philosophers such as Hannah Arendt discuss Kant’s moral doctrine. In her instance survey: The Accused and Duties of a Law-abiding Citizen . Arendt examines how Adolf Eichmannâ⠂¬â„¢s actions conformed to Kant’s moral principles but besides how they ran of afoul to his construct of responsibility. In contrast. John Stuart Mill adopts a teleological position of moral doctrine. He exposes his position of consequentialism and utilitarianism to reason that an action is morally right merely to the extent that it maximizes the aggregative felicity of all parties involved irrespective of the motivation.In the present paper. I will expose Kant’s moral principles and the importance of responsibility in his Deontological rules. Then. I will measure Arendt’s study on Adolf Eichmann to analyse the ways in which his actions were in conformity to or against Kant’s moral doctrine. I will reason my treatment with an rating of Mill’s attack to morality in order to analyze the differences between his teleological doctrine and Kant’s ethical rules.Kant’s moral doctrine is based on the categorical jussive mood ( CI ) . good wil l. and responsibility. Harmonizing to the CI. it is an absolute necessity. a bid that worlds should harmonize with universalizable axioms to handle people as terminals in themselves and exert their will without any concerns about the effects or conditions of their actions. This construct can besides be expressed in systematic footings by the two following preparations.

British Influences on India in the 1800s essays

British Influences on India in the 1800s essays There is no doubt that British imperialism had a large impact on India. India, having previously been a group of independent territories, underwent great change under British administration. Originally intended to consolidate their hold on India by establishing a population that spoke the same language as their rulers, the British decision in the 1830s to educate Indians in a Western fashion, with English as the language of instruction, was the beginning of a chain of events, including a rise in Indian nationalism, that led to Indian resentment of British imperialism and ultimately to the loss of British control over India. One of the most important factors in the British loss of control over India was the establishment of English as a unifying language. Prior to British colonization, India was fragmented and multi-lingual, with 15 major languages and around 720 dialects. English served as a common ground for Indians and allowed separate cultural and ethnic groups to identify with each other, something which had rarely if ever occurred before. Although it was mainly educated Indians who belonged to a higher caste who spoke English, these were the most influential people in terms of acting as leaders for nationalist ideas to be communicated throughout the population. Many magazines and journals are written in English also had a great influence on the rise of Indian nationalism. Although most Indians received nationalist ideas orally, these journals allowed Indians who were literate in English to come into contact with the ideas of social and political reformers. Political and social reform in India was achieved as a result of the European political principles brought to India by the British. Indians were Anglicised, and the British ideal for an Indian was to be "Indians in blood and color, but English in tastes, opinions, and intellect", as put by one British legislator. This Western education led to educated Indians learning ab...

Should the tv media (television shows and ads) be required to present Essay

Should the tv media (television shows and ads) be required to present women in a realistic and respectful way at all times - Essay Example Most people have different views, and this is what we will try to explore and come up with our point of view by the end of the day (Parker and Adrian 1-4). Different writers have featured on this topic, and this is where we will get ideas and arguments so that we can come up with a substantive opinion on the topic. First, I think television should and must present women in a respectful and a more realistic way all the time. The reason behind this is that women play important roles in our society, and most people look unto them as their role models (Richmond and Hurtman 58-59). For instance, when a child is being brought up, he or she believes that her mother is always right. However, when they grow up and understand what the world means to them, they start to change they mentality and way of view on very many issues. One of the things that greatly influence them is the role and impact of media on their lives. Televisions plays are important role in our lives as they give and update us on all the information on what is happening both locally and internationally (Berger 16-29). Almost every household can afford a television in our homes today and easily accessible to our children. Most of the advertisements that are aired on television focusing on various products use women to convey these messa ges. A good example could be women who are used to advertise toilet soaps where most of them are mostly naked. From a recent study, it showed that women are mostly used as sex objects in most television adverts. This study mostly focused on specific environment under certain conditions. The main aim of this study was to help promote gender stereotypes in response to social views and perceptions. Behavior was also an important factor was also considered. This is because this is where young children and teenagers where they learn and emulate these people as their role models. In most cases, television advertisements are normally very persuasive and suggestible.

Public health internship Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public health internship - Personal Statement Example remains under services or worse, unserviced, due to their lack of health insurance and financial ability to pay out of pocket for their medical needs. As a volunteer of the HRSA, I will be able to help the under privileged community get the health care need that they deserve. It is only fitting that I pay back in this manner, after all, I am being educated at someone elses expense. People understand the need for competent health care but do not have any idea as to how such health programs come about. That is why I am interested in participating in the documentation and research aspect of the program. By assisting the professionals in collating information and writing up their reports, I will be able to gain a more thorough understanding of the complex process that is undertaken by the department of health in order to develop life saving programs for those in need. I am particularly looking forward to participating in the classification projects that will help organize the needs and requirements of the various individuals who come to us seeking medical help. It will be interesting to see how this work is accomplished and how it affects the lives of those who need our help. I am looking forward to becoming an HRSA intern because I know that I will be able to make a difference in the community that I am assigned to. I know that the projects I will be involved in will be one of the most effective ways of getting medical care to the communities that need it the most. We live in difficult financial times. That makes receiving the proper health care all the more difficult for most people. Through my internship at the HRSA, I hope to be able to help ease or alleviate the sense of helplessness that the underprivileged or under insured feel about their status in life. That is why the work that the HRSA does is of vital importance to every citizen of this country. At the end of my internship at the HRSA, I hope to have achieved a level of competency in various work

Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in the United Kingdom Essay

Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in the United Kingdom - Essay Example A huge proportion of the world's energy resources come from natural gases, fossil fuels, and nuclear fuels. These types of energy sources emit harmful chemicals and residues in the atmosphere, on the soil and in various bodies of water, which are harmful to the environment. Recent studies estimate that the demand for energy will increase affectedly within the next few decades. Many scientists around the world agonize over the postulated insufficiency of natural gases which are now considered to be finite and unsustainable. Also, global environmental problems like global warming call for cleaner energy sources in order to preclude degenerative developments in the world's environmental conditions. The running down of United Kingdom’s vast energy resources, along with the forecasted escalation of the world’s energy consumption imperils its energy security. Jamieson 2 Sole reliance on fossil and nuclear fuels void its commitment to reducing energy consumption and cutting ca rbon emissions. The national government now turns to exploiting renewable energy sources that will increase energy supply. The adoption of renewable energy will also help in the decarbonization of the atmosphere using Carbon and Capture Technology. The Department of Energy and Climate Change’s Office for Renewable Energy Development exerts effort in order to understand how this transformation can be achieved and to discuss the possible barriers that may debar adoption of renewable energy. How to achieve development of diverse renewable resources The implementation of renewable energy technologies in the United Kingdom can â€Å"meet the target to deliver 15% of the UK’s energy consumption from renewable resources by 2020† (Department of Energy and Climate Change, â€Å"Renewable Energy†). There are eight (8) renewable resources technologies that will be used to generate at least 15% of the total energy consumption in the United Kingdom by 2020. These are the following: (1) Onshore wind; (2) Offshore wind; (3) Marine Energy; (4) Biomass Electricity; (5) Biomass Heat; (6) Air-source and Ground-source heat pumps; (7) Renewable Transport; (8) Solar and Geothermal Technologies. The national government should focus on the following measures in order to achieve these developments: 1. Enabling access to the grid. Deployment of energy generated by renewable energy resources cannot be completed without access to the grid. This can make or break the plan. The government must ensure that grids are supplied on all renewable energy sites in order to ease deployment actions. Jamieson 3 2. Making sure of a sustainable supply of bioenergy. Bioenergy is seen to possibly contribute almost half of the total energy production needed to meet the 15% target. However, matters pertaining to its sustainability may reduce the use of bioenergy. 3. Technological Advancement. A constant upgrade on the technical support is needed to elevate efficiency on the depl oyment of energy throughout the country. While tools and equipment used in some forms of renewable energy technologies are relatively advanced, others are yet struggling with having the comparatively outmoded technology.  

History of 5 Bowen Road Essay Example for Free

History of 5 Bowen Road Essay Look at any old photo of pre-1950 Hong Kong and the hillsides above the city were dotted with handsome verandah type homes like this one. From the Mid-levels up to The Peak, every successful European merchant, official, compradore or trader scrambled to put up a mansion befitting their perceived status in colonial society. This home was built in 1914 by the property company, Hongkong Land Investment and Agency Company Ltd. Its Devonian name ’Iddesleigh’ (pronounced Idslee) derived from the origins of its occupant, A Mr. Â  Mowbray Stafford Northcote secretary of the Hongkong Land Investment and Agency Company, who was an honorary correspondent to the magazine ‘Devonia’ and was related to the Earl of Iddesleigh. In common with many structures which were built on Hong Kongs precipitous hillsides, the house stands on a handsome, terraced granite base. When built, the house would have had sweeping views across the harbour and its verandahs would have been open to the elements. Three-storey building built in neo-classical style, Corinthian columns, bow arch, decorated with carved eaves and rich ornate interior decoration, showing the lofty building owner socioeconomic status. The top of the building facade reflects its ornate pediment architectural style influenced by the Baroque. During the Japanese Occupation (1942-1945), this building was requisitioned as the home for the Japanese Imperial Naval commander. After liberation at the end of the Second World War, the house was occupied by the Royal Navy and it would later become the official residence of the senior RN officer in Hong Kong, the Commodore-in-Charge and has been better known as the Commodores House since 1952. In 1979, the building was handed over to the Hong Kong Government. In 1990, the building was allocated for charity Mothers Choice Baby Nursing and residential special child care centers.

Effective Coaching Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Effective Coaching Coaching is a very complex and demanding profession. It requires many technical and personal skills (Chamber, D., 1997). All coaches have their own style of teaching. There is no right or wrong method of coaching. Nevertheless, the coach’s philosophy determines his or her coaching aims and objectives, while having a huge influence on the athletes and it’s surrounding environment. This report enabled me to observe a very fine coach. I am honoured to have given the opportunity to observe Winchester public school boys’ senior basketball team coach Tom Liu during their basketball season. Coach Liu is knowledgeable about the sport he coaches and about the development of his athletes. His qualifications include NCCP level 1: volleyball, basketball, special Olympic (technical) and NCCP level 2 Theory. After observing several basketball practices and one basketball game, I’ve come to conclude coach Liu is a well respected and a good role model for his players. He provides challenging and enjoyable practice sessions. During the practices, he is able to communicate well with the athletes. He is constantly asking for the athletes’ suggestions on how to improve their strategy as a team and what the athletes feel they should work on. This allows the athletes to be involved and to develop their thinking habits. Coach Liu also provides good c orrective instructions where he would pull the athlete aside and correct their mistakes either by a... Effective Coaching Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Effective Coaching Coaching is a very complex and demanding profession. It requires many technical and personal skills (Chamber, D., 1997). All coaches have their own style of teaching. There is no right or wrong method of coaching. Nevertheless, the coach’s philosophy determines his or her coaching aims and objectives, while having a huge influence on the athletes and it’s surrounding environment. This report enabled me to observe a very fine coach. I am honoured to have given the opportunity to observe Winchester public school boys’ senior basketball team coach Tom Liu during their basketball season. Coach Liu is knowledgeable about the sport he coaches and about the development of his athletes. His qualifications include NCCP level 1: volleyball, basketball, special Olympic (technical) and NCCP level 2 Theory. After observing several basketball practices and one basketball game, I’ve come to conclude coach Liu is a well respected and a good role model for his players. He provides challenging and enjoyable practice sessions. During the practices, he is able to communicate well with the athletes. He is constantly asking for the athletes’ suggestions on how to improve their strategy as a team and what the athletes feel they should work on. This allows the athletes to be involved and to develop their thinking habits. Coach Liu also provides good c orrective instructions where he would pull the athlete aside and correct their mistakes either by a...

How Can the Different Ways of Knowing Help Us to Distinguish Between Something That Is True and Something That Is Believed to Be True

How can the different ways of knowing help us to distinguish between something that is true and something that is believed to be true? By using different ways of knowing, we can distinguish between something that is true and something that is believed to be true. In order to express these distinctions, personal experiences, their implications, and their counterclaims are needed to be stated. For something to be â€Å"true† it must be public, eternal, and independent. If the â€Å"truth† does not follow these guidelines then it can not be â€Å"true. The ways of knowing that something is â€Å"true† is comprehended by one’s own perception, language, reason and emotion. With these â€Å"ways of knowing† than the â€Å"truth† can, in theory, be understood. Perception is one of the most broad and vague ways of knowing. It is hard for someone and another to have the same â€Å"perception† of an object or event. Take example that Jimmy, a y oung yet intellectual boy who wears glasses, has just seen the biggest bully Bob assault the youngest and smallest kid in school Fred. Their teacher comes over and asks the three boys what happened. According to Bob, Fred fell and received the bruises that way; Fred says that he was attacked by Bob; and Jimmy states that, due to his glasses fogging up, that Bob had inflicted the pain to himself. This vagueness is why the judicial system takes so much time to resolve problems between one party and another. This has implication due our ability to not ever â€Å"know† the whole â€Å"truth†. The cause of not â€Å"knowing,† due to inability to not see â€Å"everything,† leads to the effect of problems between us and our kin based solely on our perception of the events that took place. According to the definition of â€Å"truth† is that it must be public, eternal and independent and thus begins the problems of â€Å"knowing† between Jimmy, Bob, and Fred. The fact that there was a fight and Jimmy watch is public and everyone â€Å"knows† thus the first part of â€Å"truth† is correct. Eternal works as well due to that point in time there was an incident between those three boys. Lastly it was independent from all outside sources, however the problem arises with what is â€Å"true† and who believes that their story is â€Å"true. Bob believes it was not his fault; Fred believes that he was attacked by Bob; and Jimmy believes that Fred did it all to himself. This causes the problem of who â€Å"knows† the â€Å"truth. † The teacher, being unbiased of course, has no real way of â€Å"knowing† who the culprit is based off what the children believe to be â€Å"true†. This has global implications as well for cultures perceive things differently than that of another culture. Take example the United States and Japan; the United States shakes each other hands when greeting someone politely were as in Japan they would bow to each other first. This could cause a massive global conflict if for example the United States offends the Japanese Councilor at the United Nations due to not bowing when greeting. As a counterclaim, someone could say that just using perception as a tool for â€Å"knowing† is simple not enough. Also perception just is not solely based off the ability of someone to see something but the usage of all five senses. The ability to use the five senses would be the correct way in order to learn the â€Å"true. There is no real way of â€Å"knowing† something solely off the assumption of our perception and there is no real â€Å"truth,† rather just a collection of â€Å"believed truths† that we choose to be the â€Å"truth. † Vladimir Lenin stated that â€Å"a lie told often enough become the truth. † We want to believe that we have found the â€Å"truth† and we will not stop look for that â€Å"truth. † Yet how can we communicate this â€Å"knowledge? † Thus we need the usage of language and its imprecations in â€Å"truth. † Language plays an important role in our lives. We created this tool to pass on the â€Å"knowledge† of others, empirical, and thru this we â€Å"learn. † With Vladimir Lenin’s previous quote can be applied to language as well. The winners of wars are the one’s that create the history. It happens to every culture and every civilization that every existed with the ability to record their history. This has global implications that can be recognized off the fact that if a war were to be started and ended than the victory most like would right about how â€Å"morally righteous† their country was and how their opposition, the losing country, was. Now as a counter argument to that claim would be that maybe the country was â€Å"telling the truth† but then we are right back to the beginning in where â€Å"how do we really know what we know? † Can that country account for every action that each one of its civilians, and, or army infantry did during the course of the war? Most likely neither county could. Therefore they can not â€Å"truly know† based off their beliefs or their â€Å"truths. † This in conjecture with perception is adequate but not 100 per cent sufficient in â€Å"knowing† something. We add a third way of knowing: reason. Reasoning skills are a hard thing to explain about it terms of how we â€Å"know† something. Some things can be taught and thus learned by reasoning: putting your hand down on a hot pan thus teaches us to not do it again because it hurts. However when it comes to reasoning skills with moral can be hard to comprehend. One person may see that killing a human is wrong, were as a military general may see the killing of a human a necessity. Bishop Beilby Porteus states that â€Å"one murder made a villain; millions a hero. † Is he telling the â€Å"truth? Do we glorify war? The implication of reasoning is of the greatest importance because it literally comes down to our inner instincts. In contrast how should we let our animalistic emotions control us or should we have a higher level of â€Å"knowledge? † Can any creature or object ever obtain such a thing? Do we or will we ever â€Å"know? † In my option, I believe not; then again what do I â€Å"know? † Emotion is the final piece to the puzzle of knowledge. With the raw passion with what emotion is cannot be simply summed up or described with words along. How can we describe what an emotion is between people? Take for example the emotion of â€Å"love. † One passionate couple may explain there definition of what â€Å"love† is, however if a restaurant owner was asked the same question he or she may say that their â€Å"love† is their restaurant. Hence this gives us the emotion of sympathy towards dictionary writers. Describing such a raw and passionate feeling is incredible. Globally how can one culture translate the emotion of â€Å"love† from one culture to another? Our love could not possibly be the same as someone in Russia or India. Is emotion something that we are born with, or grow into? We will never â€Å"know,† yet this is the final piece of ways of knowing and thus while using all four pieces of â€Å"knowledge† stills leaves us with the belief that we will never â€Å"truly know. † The difference between truth and believed truth can only be answered thru the ways of knowing. The problem is that there is more than one answer. By assuming that there is a finite answer undermines the whole idea of our â€Å"ways of knowing. † The age old question of the creation of life has been the greatest battle between science and religion. Who is to say that one side is â€Å"right† and one side is â€Å"wrong† when we ourselves do not even â€Å"know. † There is no â€Å"obtainable truth†, only the â€Å"truth† that we â€Å"believe to be true. † â€Å"Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth. † -Marcus Aurelius How can the ways of knowing help us distinguish between what ‘is true' and what ‘is believed to be true'? â€Å"? i need examples from real life and how you can tell the difference between truth and the believed truth. Best Answer – Chosen by Voters It seems to me that what is true can also be what is believed to be true. Example: the world is not flat. To answer your question, though, look for scientific evidence. For example, some people believe that the earth is only a few thousand years old. Age dating techniques and the fossil record indicate an age of several billion years. 1) Truth is simply the statement of a fact. A fact is something real, whether an object or an occurrence. Consider the following: I say to you â€Å"I ran a marathon,† but you didn't see me run it. Thus the FACT – the ‘truth' – is that I did SAY it; you know that because you were right there. Whether I actually DID run the marathon or not is another question entirely. Did I lie? Did I exaggerate? You can't be sure. And then you go check the records and see that I was registered to run this marathon. You now know that it's true that I was registered, but you still don't know if I actually ran. You might also find witnesses that SAY they saw me running (catching on yet? lol); so you know it's true that those witnesses SAID that they saw me, because you watched them physically speak the words, but you didn't SEE them seeing me, so you still can't be sure I ran. You could, by now, BELIEVE that I ran, but you still don't KNOW it to be true. Now a time-stamped video that clearly shows me running, that might be about the only thing that could convince you that I truly did run†¦ although that could be doctored†¦ It all comes down to the level of evidence you're personally willing to trust. Do you trust a scientist's data? Do you trust a priest's truthfulness? (And don't get me started on God and faith lol) (And don't get me started on your textbooks, either) The difference between what ‘is true' and what is ‘believed to be true' in the Arts? This could be in painting, art, or english I have an essay to wrote about: â€Å"How can the ways of knowing (language, perception, reason, emotion) help us distinguish between what ‘is true' and what ‘is believed to be true'? † apply this question with examples in the Arts 1) I see art as a representation of reality or a mimic or mirror and the representaitons set at different levels, standards or views depending on who is presenting in whatever form. I see truth as having different levels as well. What we call something is indeed what we call it like a flower is red or whatever. Then there are all sorts of cause and effect relatinships that are indirect or direct cause and effect. One thing can be caused by many things acting together to cause it or a sequence of events and it can make it tough to find the true or the first or most significant root cause (to solve the problem). Mostly, one has to see something to its conclusion to find out what is true vs. what is false, what is consistant vs. hat is inconsistant. Sometimes what is believed is actually true and sometimes what is believed is actually false. Experience is such a great teacher! I guess these ideas can be represented in the arts in various ways in colors, masks, shadows, inconsistancies, demeanor, etc. Some of it left open to interpretation just as art imitates life. We all have the need to believe things we think are true and might also turn out to be true. It is wh at life is about mostly, faith. I don't know if I answered your question or not, but that is what I think so far. ) the difference between what ‘is true' and what is ‘believed to be true' in the arts is the same as that of what is true and what is believed to be true in any other field. you will apply the value ‘true' to that which you can empirically evidence (the type of oil the artist used in a particular painting or the economy of words of a certain novel) and you will apply ‘believed to be true' to that which may or may not be true (evidenced) depending on the individual involved (the feeling of melancholy the particular painting evokes). guess my feeling is that anything highly susceptible to subjectivity isn't really there to help us to distinguish but will serve greatly to enhance our experience of the thing (the objet d'art) itself. Source(s): i don't know a great deal about the philosophy of art nor about the art of philosophy but your question stru ck me as interesting. †¢ Read Karl Popper â€Å"take' on this. He correctly identified the â€Å"arts from â€Å"science†,and in doing so realised that all our knowledge ,in Both(! ), was really â€Å"Suspect†. Hence he became famous for the modern way-of-using and deciphering just how real(or knowledge based) â€Å"criticism† can enable all the mistakes-within Science and even the Arts-†¦. to †¦.. be†¦. learned†¦. from ! (and if you study his work,you should quite easily see that serious-and-dangerous mistakes SHOULD NOT BE MADE. So†¦ this is almost the sole â€Å"point† to our -all our-traditions. That we CAN learn from our mistakes(E. g. in the Arts as well as in the sciences), and even gain a glimmer of good,critical knowledge from those previously,dangerous and deadly ones,too. And†¦. after rereading the above†¦ i think its a virtual responsibility of the arts, to HELP IN THIS; and one obvious modern way is for artists everywhere to â€Å"look† at the current serious and dangerous mistake(s) being made with our environment- and this is just one ONE example that i can think of here;(and although works-of-art should,i think be direc ted to show awarness of this type-of-real-complex problem;i do NOT think that the Arts should promote the breaking-of-laws,ecetera. Rather,the Arts should â€Å"take-our-minds† to new places,to new and better ideas,especially so when in search-of better solutions to the above problem-and other critical problems,too! ). Source(s): The work of the late scholar,teacher and philosopher; Sir Karl. R. Popper, et al. Are Some Ways Of Knowing More Likely Than Others To Lead To Truth? In this essay I will discuss whether some ways of knowing are more like than others to lead to the truth. There is no single definition of the truth where every philosopher agrees with. What we can say is that the truth is ne of the most important elements in our society which extends from â€Å"honesty, good faith and sincerity in general to agreement with fact or reality in particular†. Instead of just concentrating on the four ways of knowing, language, perception, reason and emotion, I will also look at the areas of knowledge, such as sciences and mathematics to help finding which of the four ways of knowing is the most lik ely to lead to the truth. To answer the research question, we first have to look at the truth itself. In a dictionary is said that truth is â€Å"The degree to which a statement corresponds with reality and logic †. Every human being defines truth in a different way. Truth can be what one is prepared to accept as truth, as well as something which is proved by a study for being true or what for example the media, books, government and yourself name to be true. In the first area of knowledge I will discuss, the sciences, truth will always change during the time. A good example is Isaac Newton’s theory of mechanics and universal gravitation. In this time everyone believed his theory describing the universe as being â€Å"true† and there was no evidence for it being not the truth. Than after some centuries some scientist discovered things where Newton’s theory didn’t account for. Therefore his theory was than called â€Å"untrue† and Albert Einstein’s evidence which fitted more into these discoveries was named as being true. This is evidence therefore, that science is a process, the truth will always change in time, but in this particular time period the truth cannot be named as â€Å"untrue† because it cannot be disproved by knowledge or technology. On the other hand in mathematics, one has these principles like â€Å"1 + 1 = 2† or â€Å"2 + 2 = 4†. People do not†¦ ‘ All Of The Other Ways Of Knowing Are Controlled By Language. What Does This Statement Mean And Do You Think It Is A Fair Representation Of The Relationship Between Perception, Emotion, Reason And Language? Language is such a universal phenomenon in human society. Whenever we write or speak, we use it; whenever we make a promise or ask a question, we use it. In the statement ?  §All of the other ways of knowing are controlled by language , language is defined as ?  §words and this ?  §control can be defined as ?  §dominate. Then this saying seems not so fair to represent the relationship between the four ways of knowing. It is more sensible to say language gives some support or limit to our reason? Aperception and emotion. It may influence them, but not only one way ? V the four ways of knowing interact with each other. The function of language is particularly relevant in reason. We should believe our application of reason is within our mind before we express it into words. Most natural science is called logic facts and we often use the name of theories to represent our reason instead of explaining the essence in details. For example, if your hand pushes against the edge of a desk, the desk pushes against your hand. Probably we will tell others this phenomenon is because ?  §Newton?  ¦s third law of motion but won?  ¦t explain the content of this theory word by word. In this case, language has no meaning itself, but it is more like a symbol to represent reason. Another example is ?  §Chaos Theory. Ten years ago, Chaos is just a simple English word, but as Chaos theory become part of modern science, people easily associate the idea of finding the order in random data? when they see the word ?  §Chaos. However, reason requires precision. Scientists use scientific language to give strict definition of a theory before they name it. Newton?  ¦s third law of motion states: ?  §Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. (Isaac Newton 1687) People must have the sense of reaction before this theory is built, but it needs a m edium to become verbalized and communicated in order to evaluate its validity†¦. Best Answer – Chosen by Voters The â€Å"how† of something that is believed true is called â€Å"justified true belief. † (Google it) On the other hand, another way of knowing â€Å"how† something is true or not is called the â€Å"correspondence theory of truth,† wherein everything is true or false according to the context in which you are using the word, phrase, or premise. The correspondence theory can be described this way: â€Å"The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live. † http://www. importanceofphilosophy. com/Me†¦ http://www. iep. utm. edu/truth/#H3 How Can The Different Ways Of Knowing Help Us To Distinguish Between Something That Is True And Something That Is Believed To Be True? 4. How can the different ways of knowing help us to distinguish between something that is true and something that is believed to be true? â€Å"We create knowledge ourselves, through the four ways of knowing;† (Dombrowski, 91-92) sense perception, language, reasoning and emotion. These ways of knowing are also the means by which knowledge claims are judged for their credibility, validity and most importantly, their likelihood to be true. When a knowledge claim is made, three scenarios are presented with the least problematic being that the claim is false based on the four ways of knowing coupled with past experiences. A claim is not said to be true just because it is false. The aim of this essay will be to illuminate how certainty, confidence and the convincing nature of claims distinguish between claims believed to be true and claims that are known to be true. True† and â€Å"false†, in simplicity, can be viewed as divisors for separating knowledge claims or beliefs but in reality, we view â€Å"true† and â€Å"false† as the extreme boundaries of a scale that determines with reason whether or not claims should be accepted as true or not. In history, where we make value claims, â€Å"Claims that embed evaluations on a scale that is not calibrated in measurable units† (Dombrowski, 106), there seems to be a lot of subjectivity as these claims themselves are subjective. They hold some truth because they are actually made from observational claims. In the story of Nazi Anschluss with Austria, where a plebiscite was held to ask whether Austria wanted to become a part of Nazi Germany and the Nazi’s â€Å"claim to have received 99. 73% of the vote† (â€Å"Anschluss†), two value claims that could come out will be that the Austrians loved Nazis and wanted to be a part of it or that the Austrians feared Nazi Germany and did not have any other option than to be part of Nazis. These two opinions show the subjective nature of such areas but these statements cannot be taken as false. The fact that there is†¦ 1. No comments Join Now For Free