McDonalds Essay Example for Free

McDonalds Essay Our assignment is to carry out investigations into two companies from two different sectors; these sectors are the private sector and the public/voluntary sector. The private sector are all about making profit rather than providing a service. The public/voluntary sector on the other hand want to concentrate on providing a good and efficient service for their customers such as the NHS, they provide a medical service for residents of this country, of course this isn’t to make a profit because their service is free, whereas companies in the private sector just want to make money to then develop further and release more products which they hope will make even more profit. The company from the private sector I have chosen is McDonalds. The company I have chosen from the public sector is Oxfam. About The Companies: McDonalds were founded in 1940 Richard and Maurice McDonald and Ray Kroc, they started off as one fast food branch on East street California, and over the last 70 years have rapidly become the most profitable and biggest fast food company in the world, competing against other fast food such as KFC, Burger King, Subway and Pizza Hut. No matter what these rivals threw at them they always have come right back with something new and better which is why McDonald’s have stayed at the top of the fast food chain. Oxfam are a non-profitable company, they are the UK’s largest charity which prides itself in helping 92 countries all over the world who are trying to fight extreme poverty including Ghana, Cambodia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Oxfam rely on donations by the public which is why the advertising campaigns have become stronger and more persuasive as the demand for help and support in countries around the world has rocketed they have needed more and more donations to support families in serious poverty, people who don’t even have access to running clean water. Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff Matrix is a marketing technique that all companies in the private sector use, without using the structure of the Ansoff Matrix a company like McDonalds would not be able to survive or expand their brand to a different market. If a company uses its existing products to sell to its existing markets this is called Market Penetration. If a company takes its existing products to a brand new market, to a new country for example, this is called Market Development. If a company decides they are going to release new products to their existing market, like the Big Tasty at McDonalds, this is called Product Development. But if a company wants to try something completely different by taking new products to a new market this is called Diversification. Growth Strategies: Oxfam The image of a pie chart below shows how every  £1 donated to Oxfam goes to different parts of the charity, 7p of every  £1 is invested into the company to generate future revenue. 36p goes towards the emergency response system to give aid to countries that need the help immediately, such as the victims of the Pakistan earthquake in the summer of 2010. Oxfam provide water and sanitation facilities for 2,000 families living in the camp. 40p goes towards development work in LEDC countries and other worldwide projects in countries such as Tanzania where they have set up a local jewellery business and a primary school. 7p goes towards campaigning for change, another 7p goes towards fundraising costs and the final 10p goes towards the support and running costs for transport etc. Survival Strategies: Oxfam Because of the recent recession the rate of unemployment has rocketed in the UK, Oxfam offer a wide range of voluntary work that of course doesn’t offer pay for their labour but by doing voluntary work it counts as work experience and this looks great on a CV so people will want to apply so in the future they get a better chance in their future job interviews etc. Also the 7p of every  £1 donated to Oxfam is invested into the company to generate future revenue in the charity. Advertising: Oxfam The main advertising campaign used by Oxfam is putting on television adverts that are shown all over the country on channels such as ITV1, C4 and FIVE. These adverts normally show families in LEDC’s like Kenya for example, that are in extreme poverty with barely and food or clean water, so they are struggling to survive, they show this normally at a time when families in the UK are sitting at home eating their family meal, so when they see this family with no food whatsoever they begin to have sympathy for them, and seeing that for just  £3 a month they could sponsor this charity so the family they can see on their television could eat a satisfactory meal or at least food to survive. Relationship Marketing: Oxfam One way Oxfam have used relationship marketing is great customer service, all Oxfam employees and volunteers go through a various amount of training courses before they qualify to work at a branch or travel around the world to give aid to people in poverty. This is good because if someone walks into an Oxfam branch to maybe give some of their belongings to the shop so they can sell them or if they go and sign up to sponsor them they will be greeted with a smile and a happy tone, which makes the customer feel comfortable straight away, and of course if someone feels comfortable in a place where they are receiving a service they will want will to come back again to support this cause further because they trust them. Growth Strategies: McDonalds McDonalds use a wide range of growth strategies, one of these are Franchises. A Franchise is where a company (McDonalds) sell a branch of their business to someone and give them the right to sell their products, but of course because it is still a McDonald’s branch it will still draw in more customers as more McDonald’s Franchises pop up around the world, because eventually there will be more McDonald’s branches to the square mile than ever before, which will increase the popularity of McDonald’s compared to its rival fast food outlets. Another growth strategy is introducing new products such as the McFlurry, the McFlurry has been sold for 14 years at McDonalds, throughout the 14 years they continuously release new flavours of the product an example of this is the McFlurry Flake, which has been released this year. This is a growth strategy as the company improving its flavour range so demand for the product will rise and therefore McDonalds will earn more profit. Survival Strategies: McDonalds One survival strategy that McDonald’s currently use is the 99p Saver Menu. The 99p Saver Menu is a special offer that McDonald’s promote in majority of their advertising campaigns, it consists of a selection of products which they have reduced the price to 99p such as the cheeseburger, the mayo chicken and the classic McFlurry, the menu also have other desserts such as the Apple Pie and donuts. This is a survival strategy because they want to increase sales, the want the demand of products to go up so they will earn more profit and the customers believe they are getting a good deal so they will buy food from the 99p Saver Menu again. Another survival strategy is the way that throughout the course of the year they rotate their menus, such as the introduction of different twists on the classic McFlurry, such as the Flake McFlurry and the Chocolate Fudge Brownie McFlurry, by doing this they are bringing new products into the market which will grab the eye of customers, if they see that a new McFlurry has been released they will more than likely want to try it to see what it is like, and of course if they like it they will want to buy it again and want to try the next one that comes out when the menu rotates once more. Eventually by doing this there will be a higher demand for the McFlurry so there will be a rise in sales and their profits will also increase. Another survival strategy currently enforced at McDonald’s is the removal of less profitable products, like the Angus Burger for example, this was released in 2006, for a short while there was a high demand for this product because it was new and exciting, but after a couple of months, less people bought the Angus Burger, which meant the demand for this product decreased, and so did McDonald’s profits. McDonald’s realised they had made a mistake with the Angus Burger so they removed it off their menu’s and stopped selling the product to prevent further loss in sales and a bigger decrease in profit. Advertising: McDonalds Because McDonald’s is a worldwide company they have advertising campaigns set up all around the globe, all year round. The advertising technique that most people will be able to relate to is their memorable â€Å"M† logo and their catchy slogan â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† because this advertising technique is so simple this makes it exceptionally effective because people remember it, if they are driving along and see a sign with the â€Å"M† on it they will know that there is a McDonald’s nearby, and if they are abroad where there are many McDonald franchises more people will want to eat there because they know they can get good fast food from a place they are used to eating at back home. Another advertising technique McDonalds used this year in particular is that alongside Coca Cola they were the main sponsors for the London 2012 Olympic Games, they have been a proud supporter of the Olympic movement for nearly 40 years, and this year have called themselves the â€Å"Official Restaurant Of The Olympic Games†. McDonalds commitment to the Olympic Movement began in 1968 when the company airlifted hamburgers to U.S. athletes competing in Grenoble, France. They first became an Official Sponsor of the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, and in 1984, McDonalds and their franchisees provided the funds to build the Olympic Swimming Stadium in Los Angeles. In 1998 they became a worldwide sponsor at the Nagano Olympic Winter Games and continued that commitment through the London 2012 Olympic Games. Relationship Marketing: McDonald’s At McDonald’s there are many perks than can be experienced just by sitting in their restaurant, free Wi-Fi is one of these, and modern comfortable seating is another, if someone would like to sit back comfortably and continue their work into their lunch break while eating a nice Big Mac meal then they can, internet access is installed into most McDonald’s franchises. Another way McDonalds use relationship marketing is the Happy Meal, with statistics showing that the amount of children and teenagers becoming clinically obese there is no wonder why this option on the menu is so popular, it is basically a small kid’s size meal, it comes in a nice card box with puzzles and colouring sides on it which to a child is attractive enough, but all year round they also include a toy inside the happy meal box, usually related with what is big at that specific time, like a new children’s movie being released for example, the toys in a Happy Meal will more than likely be characters from that movie, this is a great use of relationship marketing. Comparison: Both Companies In this task I have had to explore into the marketing techniques of one company in the private sector and one company in the public/voluntary sector, to see how effective their growth strategies, survival strategies, their advertising techniques and the way they use relationship marketing in store and in other parts of the company. After looking at both of their growth strategies I have noticed no similarities with the way they use them with the points I have stated due to the fact that McDonald’s use the Ansoff Matrix a lot in their growth strategies and Oxfam do not, they prefer to promote the fact that 84% of your money goes directly to giving aid to poverty stricken countries, 9% goes towards support costs such as transport and the remaining 7% is invested into the company to generate future revenue. After looking at the other aspects of the company I have discovered that although Oxfam has a very strong marketing technique with highly trained employees with their great cu stomer service, and their flawless advertising campaign, nothing can compare to the strength of the McDonald’s empire’s marketing techniques.

General Adaption Syndrome and Post Traumatic Stress

General Adaption Syndrome and Post Traumatic Stress Hans Selye (1907-1982), an Austrian-born physician who emigrated to Canada in 1939, the general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Selye explained his choice of terminology as follows: I call this syndrome general because it is produced only by agents which have a general effect upon large portions of the body. I call it adaptive because it stimulates defenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I call it a syndrome because its individual manifestations are coordinated and even partly dependent upon each other. Most of his research is concerned with formulating a code of behavior based on the laws governing the bodys stress resistance in dealing with personal, interpersonal and group problems. General Adaption Syndrome General adaptation syndrome, or GAS, is a term used to describe the bodys short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Stressors in humans include such physical stressors as starvation, being hit by a car, or suffering through severe weather. Additionally, humans can suffer such emotional or mental stressors as the loss of a loved one, the inability to solve a problem, or even having a difficult day at work. This picture is adapted from https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrGWfRKynUi7mRYxZnvpQBwPG2weKK8UNiMPrlH9gcOTeoNJ2b5iyUdOmTZcRPZzWbACNaAEc3GKJ1S69yuT8iNklxQ1-OZZsV2qkLheDms5Umooarb4CAmoLb1wais3agTNmv2hli_8Y/s200/Stress-ZebraStripes.gifThe general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Stage 1: alarm reaction (ar) The first stage of the general adaptation stage, the alarm reaction, is the immediate reaction to a stressor. In the initial phase of stress, We prepare to: battle (fight) or escape (flight) Fight can be determined as to battle or fight with something, and flight can be determined as run away with something or sometimes you in a situation that you cant deal with it. That animal reacts to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms. This is an involuntary physical response to danger which dissipates once we perceive the source of stress is removed. Stage 2: stage of resistance (sr) Stage 2 might also be named the stage of adaptation, instead of the stage of resistance. During this phase, if the stress continues, the body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to. Stage 3: stage of exhaustion (se) At this stage, the stress has continued for some time. The bodys resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional illness that that is classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience. PTSD sufferers re-experience the traumatic event or events in some way, tend to avoid places, people, or other things that remind them of the event (avoidance), and are exquisitely sensitive to normal life experiences (hyper arousal). Although this condition has likely existed since human beings have endured trauma, PTSD has only been recognized as a formal diagnosis since 1980. However, it was called by different names as early as the American Civil War, when combat veterans were referred to as suffering from soldiers heart. This picture is adapted from http://home.earthlink.net/~help_for_ptsd/ptsd018001.jpg Overview of the effects of stress on your body This picture is adapted from http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/assets/learn_its/alevel/psychology/stress/what-is-stress/diagram1.jpg The body doesnt distinguish between physical and psychological threats. When youre stressed over a busy schedule, an argument with a friend, a traffic jam, or a mountain of bills, your body reacts just as strongly as if you were facing a life-or-death situation. If you have a lot of responsibilities and worries, your emergency stress response may be on most of the time. The more your bodys stress system is activated, the easier it is to trip and the harder it is to shut off. PTSD is believed to be caused by either physical trauma or psychological trauma, or more frequently a combination of both. Traumatic events that may cause PTSD symptoms to develop include violent assault, kidnapping, and sexual assault, torture, being a hostage, prisoner of war or concentration camp victim, experiencing a disaster, violent automobile accidents or getting a diagnosis of a life-threatening illness. Children or adults may develop PTSD symptoms by experiencing bullying or mobbing. Preliminary research suggests that child abuse may interact with mutations in a stress-related gene to increase the risk of PTSD in adults. Stress can increase certain hormone levels inside the body. They include catecholamine (nor epinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) and cortisol. Catecholamines are a component of sympathetic nervous system which prepares the body for an emergency. They increase the heart rate, blood pressure and divert more blood to the muscles. Cortisol is a hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex and it increases the available glucose levels, lipid levels in the blood. In addition cortisol causes a reduction in immunity. These hormones prepare the body to fight or run away in a dangerous life threatening situations. However chronically elevated stress hormones can cause disease. Prolonged elevation of stress hormones can occur in chronic stress situations such as caring for a dependent person with terminal illness or in frequent acute stressors such as getting scolded numerous times by the boss. Direct effect of stress on body C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5ZV69X961MC900021513[1].wmf Heart disease and stroke Increased blood sugar and lipid levels may increase the risk of heart diseases and stroke. In addition increased sympathetic over activity due to catecholamine may lead to increased blood pressure. Hypertension or increased blood pressure is another risk factor for heart diseases. Sexual problems In addition, increased stress hormones can cause reduced sexual drive and sexual dysfunction. This will lead to family disharmony and relationship problems. Increased risk of infections Reduced immunity due to increased cortisol levels can lead to various infections. It will cause deterioration of the general wellbeing [3 and 4]. For an example chronic stress can cause impaired wound healing [5]. Depression Prolonged elevation of cortisol is known to cause depression [7]. Therefore chronic stress can indeed cause depression. Gastric ulcers Chronic stress can increase the gastric acid secretion [6]. Increased gastric acid secretion can cause heart burn and gastric ulcers. Indirect effects of stress on body C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5YK5A4VMUMC900056994[1].wmf Increased risk behavior Risk behavior such as alcohol consumption, drugs abuse and smoking can increase with stress. In addition some people may tend to overeat due to stress. These behaviors can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Drug abuse Some people with stress tend to abuse prescription drugs such as Ambien, Valium or opiates. These drugs in over dosage can be lethal. In addition people who abuse drugs usually take a mixture of several dangerous drugs. It can precipitate some disastrous drug interactions which can cause death or disability. Summary Stress is the human bodys response to change and adjustment. It can help people to cope with an acute change. However, stress that occurs frequently can cause serious harm to your body. Therapy used for Post Traumatic Stress Patients This picture is adapted from http://www.mindmapart.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/exercises-for-relaxation-destressing-tony-buzan.jpg Today, there are good treatments available for PTSD. When you have PTSD, dealing with the past can be hard. Instead of telling others how you feel, you may keep your feelings bottled up. But talking with a therapist can help you get better. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one type of counseling. It appears to be the most effective type of counseling for PTSD. The VA is providing two forms of cognitive behavioral therapy to Veterans with PTSD: Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy. To learn more about these types of therapy, see our fact sheets listed on the Treatment page. There is also a similar kind of therapy called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) that is used for PTSD. Medications have also been shown to be effective. A type of drug known as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which is also used for depression, is effective for PTSD. Types of cognitive behavioral therapy In cognitive therapy, therapist helps patient to understand and change how patient think about they trauma and its aftermath. They goal is to understand how certain thoughts about they trauma because the stress and make they symptoms worse. Types of exposure behavioral therapy In exposure therapy patients goal is to have less fear about they memories. It is based on the idea that people learn to fear thoughts, feelings, and situations that remind them of a past traumatic event. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is another type of therapy for PTSD. Like other kinds of counseling, it can help change how patient react to memories of they trauma. Medication Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of antidepressant medicine. These can help people feel less sad and worried. They appear to be helpful, and for some people they are very effective. Other types of treatment Some other kinds of counseling may be helpful in your recovery. However, more evidence is needed to support these types of treatment for PTSD. Group therapy Many people want to talk about their trauma with others who have had similar experiences. In group therapy, people talk with a group of people who also have been through a trauma and who have PTSD. Sharing they stories with others may help people feel more comfortable talking about your trauma. This can help people cope with they symptoms, memories, and other parts of they life. Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy In this type of therapy, people learn ways of dealing with emotional conflicts caused by they trauma. This therapy helps people understand how they past affects the way they feel now. Family therapy Family therapy is a type of counseling that involves patient whole family. A therapist helps patient and them family to communicate, maintain good relationships, and cope with tough emotions. They family can learn more about PTSD and how it is treated. How long does treatment last? CBT treatment for PTSD often lasts for 3 to 6 months. Other types of treatment for PTSD can last longer. If you have other mental health problems as well as PTSD, treatment may last for 1 to 2 years or longer. PART B RESEARCH C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5O5C30NJMMC900437563[1].wmf Overview of the companies stress alleviation activities Introduction of company The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company. Along with Coca- Cola, recognized as the worlds most valuable brand, it markets four of the worlds top five soft drink brands. How Coca-Cola Company alleviate stress for their employees This picture is adapted from http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTgrQgE9e-vO46V6phmZATrZPl8gLS77BnEWP8YGBqS5St3Each employee has holidays each year for helping employees to develop they stress. During holiday season, families and businesses can spend wisely on both personal and business gifts. These days, pretty much everyone on holiday gift list is dealing with a degree of stress. These holidays are basic on public holidays and some other holidays, for example Christmas, New Year etc. The coca-cola company often encourages employees to do some physical exercises. Exercise is a good way to deal with stress because it is a healthy way to relieve employee pent-up energy and tension. It also helps employee get in better shape, which makes employee feel better overall. By getting physically active, employee can decrease they levels of anxiety and stress, and elevate they moods. This picture is adapted from http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcToXyrlIqvMo4jjYh3VDfSK4JX6DEEtAIZsgbW2j0dErrSk2e7u0MtLDaI0wgFemale employees were more often likely to choose Yoga-at-Work. Yoga-at-Work is a low-cost and innovative solution for companies wanting to reduce health care expenses, relieve workplace stress and promote employee well-being. The performance of a corporation depends on the performance of its key assets-employees. Healthy employees are more productive and more cost effective. Male employees were more often likely to choose to go gym. E.g. Virgin Active or Discourage. To go to gym are more expensive than Yoga-At-Work but it can help males to get more muscles so when they looks good they will feels good. Numerous studies have shown that people who begin exercise programs, either at home or at work, demonstrate a marked improvement in their ability to concentrate, are able to sleep better, suffer from fewer illnesses, suffer from less pain, and report a much higher quality of life than those who do not exercise. Coca Cola Company has been taking the lead in addressing the epidemic of stress by instituting workplace wellness programs that include a significant stress-reduction component. The most effective of these programs are the ones that integrate physical activity and nutritional programs alongside stress-management training. Businesses that have instituted activity-based workplace wellness programs have enjoyed a $3.00-$5.00 return on every dollar invested in the form of decreased health care costs, decreased absenteeism, increased productivity, decreased employee turnover, and reduced insurance costs. This picture is adapted from http://matznerclinic.com/index.php/services/stress-reductionNutritional Supplements, the lunch support by the Coca Cola company restaurant is been well prepared. There are types of nutritional supplements that can help with stress: those that help to reduce stress and those that help the body better cope with the effects of stress. PART C CREATE Nutritional Supplements There are two types of nutritional supplements that can help with stress: those that help to reduce stress, and those that help the body better cope with the effects of stress. Supplements that help to reduce stress belong to a class of herbs that help the body relax. Herbs such as chamomile, skullcap, valerian, and lavender help to clear a hurried mind and calm intense emotions. People typically drink these herbs as teas. Supplements to help the body better cope with the physical effects of stress are the B-vitamins and zinc. When you are under stress, your need for zinc and the B-vitamins goes up considerably. If you dont have enough of these, your health will suffer, which is why people often become sick when they are under a lot of stress. Taking a B-complex supplement along with zinc will help to protect your body from the negative effects of stress.

Alienation in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting for

Alienation in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot    The alienation of humanity from truth, purpose, God, and each other is the theme of Samuel Beckett's play, "Waiting for Godot." The play's cyclical and sparse presentation conveys a feeling of the hopelessness that is an effect of a godless, and therefore, purposeless world. Lack of communication, the cause of man's alienation, is displayed well through absurdist diction, imagery, structure, and point of view. The intent of the play is to evoke a feeling of incompleteness and depression. The conversation between Vladimir and Estragon, the protagonists of "Waiting for Godot," seems to be void of meaning. The play begins with "nothing to be done" and ends with an unfulfilled "Yes, let's go." Suicide was often mentioned and reasoned through in passing, as though their deaths mattered neither to them nor anyone else. Their deaths were barely even recognized by them as a change. They argued about shoes and carrots when Estragon, the representative of materialistic human nature, was concerned about it. They argued about the thief's presence in only one of the gospels and spiritual matters when Vladimir initiated conversation. A minor goal discussed by Vladimir and Estragon was to "pass the time," though they often forgot what day it was, not to mention whom they'd met, where they'd been, and why it ever mattered. Vladimir and Estragon engaged in dialogue with passing travelers Pozzo and Lucky. Lucky's speech was a faultless example of the play's meaning. The outward appear ance of Lucky's words was that he was a fool who once held power over a great vocabulary, but could only toss words together in a confounding miscellany at that time. Just as a deep feeling about the absence... ...keep waiting because Godot promised to come tomorrow. But tomorrow never came. In both Lucky's speech and the play, the characters, reader, and thesis are left unsatisfied. There is no conclusion to Lucky's speech. He simply babbled on until his listeners removed his thinking cap. The play leaves Vladimir and Estragon still waiting. Knowing no god, Beckett sees life as futile and mocks both life and death in his play. Beckett can arouse emotions from his audience by not arranging his play in an emotional way. Absurdist theater is far from the melodramatic tragedies of stereotypical plays. "Waiting for Godot" is antisocial, devoid of superficial meaning, and empty to its core simply because of its blank, forgetful, and meaningless aspects. Yet beneath this clever camouflage is a depth of depression, sprung from a fountain of godless life and non-communication.

Oil and its Economics :: Economy Petrol

Supply of Oil â€Å"Since 1974 oil-exporting nations have substantially increased their imports in order to finance development plans and to pay for highly technical military training, equipment, and sophisticated defense systems such as the airborne warning and control system, AWACS. From 1972 to 1983, OPECs imports increased approximately sevenfold. Furthermore, exports to OPEC from OECD as a percentage of the latter's total exports increased from 4.1 percent in l972-73 to 8.8 percent in 1975-82, then to 8.4 percent in 1983; and it dropped to 7.1 percent in 1984.† (http://www.georgetown.edu/users/johnsonj/oweiss/petrod/increase.htm) â€Å"Dynamic forces of oil supply and demand led to all excess supply in world markets since 1980, which in turn led to a de facto decline in the price of oil even before OPEC's London agreement of March 1983 in which the official price was reduced by approximately 14 percent. This oil glut in world markets was the result of at least three mutually dependent dominant forces: high oil prices, increase in production, and reduction in demand.† (http://www.georgetown.edu/users/johnsonj/oweiss/petrod/since.htm) â€Å"First, following the initial leap of 1973 the price of oil was once again drastically increased in l979. This rise led to a substitution of other sources of fuel and a reduction in real income, which contributed eventually to a decline in the demand for oil after a three-year time lag.† â€Å"A second factor in the oil glut was the increase in world oil production--a predictable economic consequence of rise in its price.† â€Å"A third factor in the oil glut was decreased demand for oil. The 1980 economic recession, which had plagued the world economy and which had markedly reduced the productive capacity of industrial nations by its greatest percentage decline since World War II, was a dominant force in reducing the demand for oil yet further. As their gross national products headed downward because of the recession, industrial nations reduced their imports. This, in turn, led to a reduction in foreign exchange earnings of the less-developed countries. These had, therefore, to curtail their purchases from abroad, including imports of oil. A multiplier effect of all such factors had a marked effect on the demand for oil in world markets.† (http://www.georgetown.edu/users/johnsonj/oweiss/petrod/since.htm) DEMAND Demand for Oil over Time (http://www.georgetown.edu/users/johnsonj/oweiss/petrod/time.htm) â€Å"A conventional downward-sloping demand curve is not, in [Dr. Oweiss’]opinion, sufficient to explain the interaction of oil prices and quantity demanded over time. In studying the dynamics of international oil markets which differentiates between upward and downward trends in prices. A small rise in the price of oil, from its low, pre-1973 level, will not change the quantity demanded, for demand at such a low level may he regarded as perfectly inelastic.

Employment Discrimination Essay -- Gender Discrimination

Issue 1. Did ABC advertising discriminate against Jean on the basis of sex when they failed to promote her? 2. Did ABC discriminate against Jean because of her religious beliefs and practices? 3. Did ABC discriminate against Jean because of her national origin? Brief Answers 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ms.Riyadh has not proved enough evidence to conclude that ABC discriminated against her because of her sex. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes, Ms. Riyadh has some strong evidence that a reasonable jury might conclude that she has been discriminated against because of her religious beliefs. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No, Ms. Riyadh hasn’t any proof of being discriminated against because of her national origin. Pg3 Statement of Facts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ms.Riyadh has been employed as a account executive by ABC Advertising since 1978. ABC Advertising is a national marketing and advertising firm specializing in domestic and international advertising. She was hired by ABC after receiving her M.B.A with honors from the University of Michigan. While being employed by this company she has won three national awards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ms.Riyadh feels that ABC has illegally discriminated against her. She alleges that it is company practice to promote employees from within. She states that each year she has received â€Å"outstanding performance† evaluation ratings since she has been employed there ABC has never given her a promotion and has repeatly pasted her over for any.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ms. Riyadh claims that all the male employees hired between 1978 and 1988 in same classification as she is have received a promotion from one to four times, and they also earn higher salaries. None of these employees have won any awards and are marginal employees. Ms.Riyadh says only three women have been promoted since she was hired, but men do outnumber women in all positions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At a preliminary inquiry ABC’s response to Ms.Riyadh’s allegations were that she was not promoted because she doesn’t â€Å"fit the image† that is right for the higher positions. They claim that the higher positions have high visibility, require extensive travel and have increased client contact which include presentations before corporate and professional groups. Although ABC states that Ms.Riya... ...9 F. Supp. 2d 844, 855; 2000) Plaintiff did not show that his employers refusal to give him a light- duty assignment was because he was a Jew. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ms.Riyadh has proved that she is a good employee ABC doesn’t dispute this fact. She has shown that she is qualified for the administrative position. Ms.Riyadh has not proved enough evidence that she was discriminated against because of her sex or gender. Nor has she prove enough evidence that her national origin played a role in not being promoted . I feel that she has provided enough evidence of being discriminated against due to her religious beliefs and practices. A reasonable jury would likely conclude that ABC legitimate non discriminatory reason for not promoting Ms.Riyadh is merely pretext and that her failure to believe in drinking alcohol and eating certain foods would not interfere with a higher position with ABC. Pg11 Reference: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.lexis.com †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.eeoc.gov.com †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.findlaw.com †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal Research and Writing for Paralegals by Deborah E. Bouchoux

Alexander Von Humboldt

Alexander Von Humboldt â€Å"The Last Polymath† Rhiannon Hewin Geography 10004/04/2018 Born, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander, Freiherr (baron) von Humboldt (whom from this point I will refer to simply as Humboldt) was born on Sept. 14, 1769 in Berlin, Germany.to Alexander Georg von Humboldt and Marie Elisabeth Colomb. The five years Humboldt spent in South America would later prove his proficiency in multiple disciplines and yielded the most fruit for his efforts. Mapping the land (maps of mexico they say helped President Jefferson in his decision in making the Louisiana Purchase, suddenly being able to identify with the new neighbors down south) and other illustrations, climbing 19,286 ft up Chimborazo, only to miss the summit by less than 2000 ft, discovering ocean currents, that would later be named after him, climbing peaks-including every volcano, wading rivers, and crossing the Andean Highlands. Unlike todays extreme outdoorsman, they had no GPS, no inoculations, oxygen was however much or little was in the air around them, not to mention sporting good stores still had about 150 years before making their debut. Despite the odds they conquered South America in 5 years. Returning with a treasure trove of over 60,000 specimens, climate data, cultural observations and electromagnetic experimental data gathered along the way-. Not including what Humboldt sent home to his brother, Wilhelm, over the years.- which, thanks to the british navy, wasnt much. Humboldt would later find himself in North America (United States,) Europe, Asia and Russia. Although his trek through Russia and Central Asia would be less of a 5 year trek and more of a 6mth long carriage ride, complete with royal bodyguards/chaperones, Humboldt was still able to work his magic and chart much of central Asia, which would be of great importance to the western world since very little existed prior to Humboldts findings about Central Asia. Humboldts idea â€Å"Unity of nature† was that † The combination of all physical science of a region determined what organism could live in that region.† He showed the relationships on maps as isothermal lines, comparing climate across countries and continents based on temperature latitude and elevation. These isothermal maps would be the building blocks for the modern-day disciplines of climate science and meteorology. Humboldt challenged the ideas that man was the focal point of the universe and plants and animals wouldn't go extinct (nor do they rely on each other,) claiming quite the contrary. In fact, it was man who faced extinction due to â€Å"the destructions of forest, through the distribution of water and through the production of great masses of steam and gas industrial centers† adding â€Å"The wants and restless activities of large communities of men gradually despoil the face of the earth.† Ideas like these would've added environmentalist to his long list of accomplishments – had the term existed. Humboldt's work in the field of demography are of enduring value. He introduced â€Å"the examination of the quotient of extremes into population statistics, thus making it possible to supplement the abstract figure of population density by citing the low quotient in countries uniformly densely (or sparsely) settled and the high quotient in countries unevenly settled. He also made allowance for population dynamics, furnishing birth and mortality rates for Mexico. These figures were long unavailable for such regions† Humboldts efforts did not go unnoticed. Humboldt was admitted to The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and Sciences, The American Philosophical Society, The New York Historical Society, The American Ethnological Society, The Prussian Academy of Sciences, The American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Royal Society. With exploration complete he would not only spend the next few decades collecting his thoughts (and data) in order to share his findings with the masses but take a step back to smell the roses and other flora he was so fond. He enjoyed large gatherings and inspire young scientist to push themselves to be more than expected of them and to learn for the sake of learning. He assisted those he could even if that assistance was using his influence around that particular city to get the scientist what they needed. Unknown scientist were not the only people he inspired. While working on his first works, Charles Darwin corresponded with Humboldt. The man who fought for the creation of Yosemite National Park, John Muir, 70 years after Humboldts death wished he â€Å"could be a young humboldt.† President Jefferson had many conversations with Humboldt and even though Humboldt HATED slavery an couldn't understand how Jefferson could own slaves while talking about freedom. Other Inspired (through conversation or posthumously) included Henry David Thoreau, Robert Frost and George Perkins Marsh, who followed in Humboldts footsteps by throwing himself into the middle east taking samples and observing as he went.. German chemist Justus von Liebig as well as Swiss born zoologist Louis Agassiz owed Humboldt the means to continue their studies and embark on an academic career. Humboldt was able to publish his findings in many different forms, but the 23 volumes based on his travels was one of the â€Å"most comprehensive ever published by a private individual† That said his final gift to the disciplines he loved so much would be Kosmos referred to by some as the most ambitious scientific works ever published, Kosmas gave a generally comprehensible account of the structure of the universe as then known. He would see 4 volumes published but the fifth would be published posthumously. Written in a pleasant literary style, his excitement and aesthetic enjoyment at his discoveries are not withheld.Humboldt had taken immense pains to discipline his inclination to discursiveness, which â€Å"often gave his writing a certain lack of logical coherence† Hardly diminished, and with an unimpaired memory, Humboldt suffered a stroke in the middle of publishing his 5th volume. On May 6, 1859, a few months shy of his 90th birthday, Alexander Von Humboldt was dead†¦.but who says just because you died at 90 doesnt mean you can't have a global 100th birthday party? On September 14 1869, worldwide concerts,parades and gatherings celebrated 100 years since the birth of a much-loved, highly revered scientist. There were speeches and festivities in Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Moscow and Melbourne. In almost every major US city, thousands attended concerts and parades.25,000 people gathered in central park for the unveiling of a commemorative statue and a torchlight parade. In berlin, where Humboldt was born and died, offices were closed for the day and 80,000 people came out to celebrate in spite of torrential rain.I admit, I had no knowledge of Humboldt whatsoever prior to this assignment. However after a few weeks of reading everything Humboldt I discovered that my thoughts on his erasure from history is actually shared my many others. The first being that, thanks to him, the world got smarter. As people got smarter, science disciplines got more specific. People mastered those disciplines, and those were the people who we started to admire. For example, everyone wears clothes, so much so, that most of us cant/couldnt live in a world without clothes. That said, an even bigger majority of us have no idea who invented clothing or when. However, names like Versace, Calvin Klein and Donna Karen-clothing designers, are well known today. The more obvious reason is the world wars and Germany's role in them. The hatred of Nazis became a hatred for Germans and the desire to erase them. A symbol of pain, hatred and death, part of the end game became burn all things German. As Schools burned, we cheered. As libraries burned, taking their past with them, we cheered. As the world started to heal, new up and coming Germans were accepted but none were returned to fame.

Development of renewable energy sources Essay

Unlike solar energy, wind power grown faster the last couple years and is today the environmentalists preferred alternative energy source (Bradley 1). Paul Brown writes, Sebastian Seidel 3 â€Å"Electricity production [in the U. K. ] from wind leapt by 31% last year, making it the fastest growing industry in the field of power generation† (1). Every year, the amount of electricity produced by wind power is increasing, especially in the USA, Germany, Denmark and Spain (Brown 1). The improvements made in wind power generators in the past years, has led to more efficient wind mills. James Flanigan describes, â€Å"[a] single windmill generator today is capable of doing the work of 10 windmills of the 1970s, when wind power experiments began† (2). He adds, â€Å"Wind generation can deliverer electricity at 3 cents to 6 cents a kilowatt-hour† (2). This is a lot less than the average electricity price paid in the U. S. today. But although wind power seems to be the ideal energy source, environmental activist who were promoting alternative energy in the past now have doubts about wind power. Robert L. Bradley reasons in his article, that â€Å"[w]ind blades have killed thousand of birds in the U. S.and abroad in the last decade, including endangered species† (2). Like any human made construction, wind blades are a threat to birds, but so is any electricity line. The Altamont Pass wind-power plant in California is a good example of a misplaced wind power facility. Hardly any research about the animal environment was done when the windmills were set up. But even if one project has a bad impact on the environment and wildlife, wind power has still countless good aspects (Bradley 2). Therefore Hal Harvey, president of the Energy Foundation, declares, â€Å"[w]e’ve found the holy grail: wind is now cheaper than any fossil fuel-based. Sebastian Seidel 4 power source† (qtd. in Linden 1). Hydro-Power means making electricity from water power. In his article, Stuart Baird declares, â€Å"Hydro-Power is currently the world’s largest renewable source of electricity, accounting for 6% of worldwide energy supply or about 15% of the world’s electricity†(1). It has been known to be one of the cleanest ways to produce energy, because it does not produce any exhaust fumes or waste of any kind. As Baird adds, â€Å"hydro-power is better than burning coal, oil or natural gas to produce electricity, as it does not contribute to global warming or acid rain† (2). Another benefit is that it helps to control water, for example with dams. But hydropower dams also have negative environmental impacts, such as blocking fish movements and decreasing water quality. Another disadvantage of this technique is â€Å"the flooding and destruction of entire ecosystems† (Baird 2) and the â€Å"increase of bacteria in the water due to decaying vegetation, which can be harmful to the fishes and to those who eat them† (Baird 4). Like solar- and wind-power, Hydro-Power has many good as well as a few bad aspects. The problems mentioned above result from unplanned, bad managed and oversized hydro-power systems. But, if a dam is well sited, well operated and kept reasonable in size, these environmental impacts can be reduced though not eliminated. Renewable energy has many good as well as many bad aspects. Today most of the electricity comes from coal-, gas- and nuclear-plants. Still, the percentage of electricity made with renewable energy is growing every year. Canada for example adds â€Å"60%† of Sebastian Seidel 5 energy made by hydro-plants to the national grid (Baird 1) and Denmark satisfies 18% of electrical demand with electricity produced wind-power (Brown 1). Within the few next years, due to technical improvements and cheaper production methods, the percentage of renewable energy added to western countries demand will rapidly grow. But lots of research has to be done until then to limit the negative impacts on the environment. Sebastian Seidel 6 Baird, Stuart â€Å"Hydro-Electric Power. † Energy Educators of Ontario 1993. 15 Jan. 2002. Bradley, Robert L. â€Å"Dirty Secrets of Renewable Energy. † USA Today Magazine May 1998. 14 Jan. 2002 Brown, Paul â€Å"Wind power use grows by 30%. † The Guardian 10 Jan. 2002. 17 Jan. 2002. Flanigan, James â€Å"Getting serious about Earth-Friendly Energy. † Los Angeles Times June 2001. 21 Jan. 2002. Greenwald, John â€Å"Energy: Here comes the sun. † Time 18 Sep. 1993. 15 Jan. 2002. Kozloff, Keith Lee. â€Å"Rethinking development assistance for renewable electricity sources. † Environment Nov. 1995. 15 Jan. 2002. Linden, Eugene â€Å"Selling the Sun†¦ and the Wind Renewable energy has come of age-but it’s mostly foreign companies that are making money on it. † Time 16 July 2001. 15 Jan. 2002.